Rules & Guidelines for Publication

By submitting a text to the International Academic Publishing House (IAPH), the author(s) warrant that the text has neither been published previously nor is currently being considered for publication elsewhere. They also warrant that the sources of any ideas and/or words in the text that are not their own have been properly attributed through appropriate citations and/or quotes. Authors’ names are not concealed. It is clearly advised to the authors to avoid any copying and pasting while preparing the text. Submitted text should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or seemingly inaccurate statements may qualify as unethical behavior/practice and may, therefore, be considered unacceptable. Submitted text must showcase the novelty in thought(s) and content(s). Authors should ensure that any study involving human or animal subjects conform to relevant national, local and institutional guidelines and requirements (e.g., WMA Declaration of Helsinki, NIH Policy on Use of Laboratory Animals, EU Directive on Use of Animals) and must confirm that approval has been sought and obtained from the appropriate ethical committees and/or review boards. Authors should also confirm obtaining informed consent of human subjects and respect their privacy. All the authors must declare any potential conflict(s) of interest, for example, where ever an author has a competing interest (real or apparent) that could be considered or viewed as exerting an undue influence on his/her duties and/or roles at any stage during the publication process. All the authors must disclose in their text any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their text. The corresponding author(s) must ensure that all the co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the text and have agreed to its submission for publication. Once enough evidence(s) is found to prove any misconduct on the part of any of the authors, the author(s) will be informed about their misconduct to clarify the matter. If the author(s) is unable to defend the case satisfactorily, the article is liable to be rejected/ retracted by the journal and removed subsequently from the website.

Plagiarism is defined as follows:

1. Changing the words but replicating the sentence structure of a source without providing a reference is considered plagiarism.
2. Copying words or ideas from someone else without providing reference is considered plagiarism.
3. Using someone else’s work as your own is unethical.
4. Putting your name on someone else’s essay or effort is considered plagiarism.
5. Failure to enclose a quote inside quotation marks.
6. Falsely identifying the source of a quote.
7. Plagiarism cannot be prevented only by altering the terms of a source. No matter how significantly you modify the context or presentation of a source’s basic concept, you have plagiarised it if you have not mentioned it. This is true even if you have kept the source’s essential idea. The majority of instances of plagiarism, on the other hand, may be prevented simply by crediting sources.

Plagiarism may typically be avoided by simply declaring that particular content has been taken and giving your readers the information they need to locate the original source.

Declaratory statement against plagiarism, upon submitting a work for consideration for publication in the International Academic Publishing House (IAPH), the author/authors (all authors of the article) guarantee that:

1. To ensure that all sources consulted in the writing of the article or project have been recognized and properly cited, writers, sign a declaration before submitting their work for publication.
2. Using another person’s idea or published work in order to pass it off as one’s own is plagiarism, and authors are well aware that doing so is unlawful and bad. They also understand what plagiarism is and how it works. The students are also aware that plagiarism is defined as the intentional appropriation of another person’s idea or published work in order to pass it off as one’s own.
3. Unless otherwise stated, the author(s) take full responsibility for the work they have done, the material in the article, and any errors or omissions in the citations.

Type: Open Access Policy

Author(s) Guideline

Page Margin: Left = 1 inch; Right = 1 inch; Top = 1 inch; Bottom = 1 inch.	Paper Size: A4 Layout: Portrait	Language: English (UK)
File format: Microsoft Word	Font Face: Times New Roman	Font Size:12
Line Space for Text: 1.5 line space	Paragraph: One Tab	Alignment: Justified
# Pages for a book Chapter: Within 10 to 20 pages, including text, table, Figure, Chart, Equation, Formula, Acknowledgement, Conflict of interest & References. # Pages for a Book: 100-300 pages	Plagiarism/Similarity Index: Less than 10%	Maximum Author(s) of each chapter of a book: 04

Instruction for References:

1. References should be Alphabetically arranged.
2. When a book’s reference is used:
   Lofts, B., & Murton, R. K. (1973). Reproduction in birds. In: Farner, D. S. and King, J. R. (eds). Avian biology. Vol. III. Academic Press, London and New York. Pp. 1-107.
3. When a single author mentions a journal article’s reference:
   Madhu, N. R. (2011). Pineal-adrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeons exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. Journal name (Italics Font). 44(4): 349- 362. (Note: It means, the volume is 44, the issue is 4, and the pages are 349-362).
4. When a reference is cited as dual authors from a journal article: Madhu, N. R., & Manna, C. K. (2011). Pineal-adrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. Journal name (Italics). 44(4): 349-362.
5. When more than two authors are mentioned in a citation from a journal article:
   Madhu, N. R., Maiti, A. K., & Manna, C. K. (2011). Pinealadrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. Journal name (Italics). 44(4): 349-362.
6. When Referencing a Patent:
   Madhu, N. R., Maiti, A. K., & Manna, C. K. (2011). Pinealadrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon. U.S. Patent No. 1234567.

Author(s) need to send:

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International Academic Publishing House (IAPH)
Sub: Publication for Book Chapter
Dear Sir,
I am sending herewith a Book/ Book Chapter (Write your title of the chapter) by (write author’s name) for the favour of publication in your IAPH.
(i) All authors have seen this manuscript and agree to consideration of publication in the IAPH.
(ii) This manuscript has not been submitted elsewhere.
(iii) The manuscript is my/our own and conforms to all the extant scientific, ethical, and legal provisions involved in such study/research and has accordingly been submitted to the International Academic Publishing House (IAPH).
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(v) The manuscript is prepared to abide by the plagiarism policy.
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Sample Chapter/ Model Paper

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Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Environmental Aspects
(Instruction: Should be as short as possible)

Bhanumati  Sarkar
Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
E-mail: bsarkar328@gmail.com
Orcid iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9410-9311

Dr. Nithar Ranjan Madhu
Department of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, Kolkata-700131, West Bengal, India
E-mail: nithar_1@nithar_1
Orcid iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-5048
(Instruction: Encourage everyone to provide their full name, full Affiliation, e-mail address & orcid id. The following link should be prepared for those authors who do not have an Orcid id: https://orcid.org/register).
*Corresponding Author: nithar_1@nithar_1

Abstract
The three pillars of sustainable development—economic, social, and environmental—face challenges worldwide. More than 1 billion people still reside in extreme poverty, and economic disparity within and between various nations has been growing concurrently. Unsustainable consumption and production patterns have incurred significant financial and social costs and may jeopardise the planet’s life. Poor people are frequently thought to be the most vulnerable to the depletion of natural resources because they are forced to rely on their immediate surroundings for short-term survival. In order to reduce poverty and achieve sustainable development, developing countries must therefore improve their social capital by incorporating environmental surroundings and people. Social capital is gaining prominence in various linked disciplines of research, such as those looking into factors affecting knowledge or education acquisition, people’s engagement, community development, and poverty reduction. Enriching social capital may directly affect people, especially those living in rural areas.
(Instruction: Abstract is not exceeding 300 words)

Keywords: Economic, Social Development, Sustainable Development.
(Instruction: Keywords is not exceeding of 6 in numbers)

Introduction:
More than half of the world’s predicted 6.6 billion population would reside in urban areas by the year 2006, according to a United Nations Population Fund report from May 1996. The World Economic and Social Survey 2013 focuses on three crucial cross-sectoral issues: sustainable cities, food security, and energy transformation. It seeks to contribute to discussions on sustainable development. The Bruntland Commission’s report on environmental stability and economic growth was released in 1987. Maintaining economic growth and progress while preserving the environment’s long-term value is the goal of sustainable development. It offers a structure for fusing environmental policy with growth plans (United Nations General Assembly, 1987;  Domingues et al., 2017). Maintaining human capital is essential to human sustainability. Individuals’ interests come before those of other people or societies regarding their human capital. Human capital includes leadership, leadership potential, development, and access to resources. Individual investments in their education, health, and nutrition are now recognised as contributing to economic development (Daly, 1999; Fornaciari and Pesci, 2018). One of the most important factors is the increased effort being made by all economic entities to promote sustainable growth through the adoption of socially responsible behaviour (Jelinkova et al., 2021). This raises the possibility of densely populated, dangerous, and unhealthy cities under threat of escalating social unrest, unacceptable environmental degradation, and the failure of essential services (Los Angeles Times, 1996).
The authors made the supposition that approaches to increasing development might include fostering opportunity, encouraging empowerment, and enhancing security to combat poverty and achieve sustainable development. The most vulnerable and underprivileged populations’ needs must be given special attention, and sustainable development must be inclusive. Ambitious, action-focused, collaborative strategies that can adjust to various levels of growth are required. They may require large price corrections, stimulate the preservation of natural endowments, lessen inequality, and increase economic governance, among other things. They will need to modify consumption and production patterns systemically.
(Instruction: Introduction should be clear and concise. References should be up-to-date in all the text areas and searchable on the Internet/Google and unnecessary references may be avoided).
[Note: The author's subjects entirely determine both the headline, the sub-headline & its text.]

Causes of sustainability:
When the human economic subsystem was relatively insignificant, it appeared that the regenerative and assimilative capacities of the environment were limitless. We are currently going through the agonising process of understanding that the environmental sources and sinks are limited. In the beginning, these capacities were extremely large; however, the human economy’s magnitude could surpass them. Both the source and sink capacities are reaching their limits currently. In the past, the source and sink capabilities of the environment did not need to be taken into consideration because economics solely deals with limited resources (scarcities). Nevertheless, conventional economists continue to hold out hope or make the claim that economic development is possible without restrictions, or at the very least, that we have not yet reached such limits (Goodland, 2002). The country faces several significant barriers to sustainable growth, the most significant of which include political instability, breaches of human rights, and corruption.
In addition, discrimination based on socioeconomic status, caste, ethnicity, religion, and gender contributes to the development and maintenance of poverty, famine, environmental destruction and pollution, as well as armed conflict. Until these fundamental problems are solved, the concept of sustainable development will remain nothing more than a temporary escape.

(Instruction: The author(s) should prepare any figures with the help of programmes like Powerpoint, Photoshop, Biorender, etc. If it's not possible, request the publisher or the article's corresponding author for permission to use the data (figure, image etc.) for academic purposes in a letter sent through email. If it's not possible, the author may use any source. And it should be cited as like  Jelinkova et al., 2021).
Economics of Sustainability:
The utilisation of a variety of strategies for making the most efficient use of available resources to reach a sustainable and advantageous equilibrium over a longer period of time. In the context of a commercial enterprise, the concept of economic sustainability refers to making effective use of the company’s diverse assets to ensure that it can continue to operate profitably over time.

Sustainable development challenges:
People-centred, environmentally responsible, and commercially viable development is continually under attack by the process of globalisation and adherence to a neo-liberal economic development paradigm. Sustainable development is threatened by declining biodiversity and escalating genetic damage. The Second International Conference on Environment and Development, which also adopted the Convention on Biodiversity, was called by the United Nations in 1992 after it realised how important it was to safeguard the environment (CBD). The conservation of biological variety, sustainable use of its parts, and fair and equal distribution of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources are the goals of the CBD, according to Article 1.
Governance and institutions, technology and innovation, economy and society, population and behaviour, and financing for development are the key societal driving forces in both blocs for utilising sustainable business practises. These factors can open up sustainable business opportunities for sustainable development (Imasiku, 2020).

Agriculture and mismanagement:
Another issue in a nation with an agriculture-based economy is the careless and haphazard deployment of green revolution technology. Knowing the extent of the farm household’s decision-making flexibility is crucial when analysing farming systems. It is implied by sustainable agriculture that yields do not deteriorate over time and that the capital of natural resources is preserved. The increased intensity of agriculture may occasionally have a negative impact on the environment. The contrary may also be unsustainable if soil poverty results from nutrient depletion. In many CEEC cases, insufficient input intensity or nutrient depletion in the soil, especially potassium, may prevent sustainability (K). Providing enough food for both current and future generations is the main goal of sustainable agricultural development (Quddus, 2020).

Social capital and sustainable development:
Sustainable development satisfies current requirements without endangering the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs. While the first part of this definition focuses on traditional economic and social development goals, the second portion takes a longer look and takes into account environmental concerns. These four components—natural capital, physical or produced capital, human capital, and social capital—have become the main determinants of sustainable development. When the overall stock of these assets is maintained at a steady level or grown during the manufacturing process, sustainability, or the ability of future generations to meet their demands, is secured (Awasthi, 2011).

Strategies for pursuing sustainable development:
Agenda 21 (United Nations, 1993) emphasized the interconnectedness among the three dimensions of sustainable development. Its actual implementation, however, arguably did not occur in an integrated manner envisaged. While the Millennium Development Goals focused attention on selected social and human development priorities, the world today witnesses emerging new challenges, aggravated by multiple financial, economic, food and energy crises, which have threatened the ability of all countries to achieve sustainable development. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development reaffirmed the political commitments of the international  community  to  pursue  sustainable  development under  the principles of Agenda 21, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.
Sustainable development of urban areas requires integration and coordination, including regarding land-use issues, food security, employment creation, transportation infrastructure development, biodiversity conservation, water conservation, renewable energy sourcing, waste and recycling management, and the provision of education, health care and housing. It is essential to ensure that everyone in the world has access to enough nutritious food. The Survey highlights the challenges in this regard and the changes to the food system that are needed to ensure food and nutrition security by 2050.
This study helps to understand how organisations adopt strategies, procedures, or operations that are consistent with the objectives of sustainable development at the micro-level of behaviour. In a broader sense, the investigation of the relationship between strategy and practise adds to the established theories concerning the relative importance of loose and tight coupling in social systems (Liu et al., 2021).

Conclusion:
In an environment where nature-society imbalances may jeopardise the sustainability of the economy and the social order, sustainable development is mostly about people, their well-being, and equity in their relationships with one another. Because of the interaction that climate change will have with economic output and services, human settlements, and human societies through its drivers, impacts, and policy responses. Simply said, depending on the geographic location, the economic sector, and the degree of economic and social development, climate change can have a good or detrimental impact on many elements of human progress. Sustainable development is one that satisfies current requirements without endangering the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs. It incorporates two fundamental ideas: (1) the idea of “needs,” especially the basic needs of the world’s poor, to whom top priority should be given; and (2) the notion that the environment’s capacity to supply existing and future needs is constrained by the state of technology and social structure.
Sustainable development approaches have some things in common despite their diversity. First, the more technological flexibility and the less expensive the required actions are, the sooner policy implementation begins. Second, initiatives that improve the efficiency of providing energy services can be quite effective. The world can significantly reduce emissions if it makes determining investments in energy efficiency, which is perhaps the most significant revelation supplied by scenario analysis. Goals for sustainable development, such as ensuring (nearly) universal access to power, maintaining air quality, and limiting rises in global average temperature, are frequently met by scenarios that place a focus on increasing end-use efficiency. However, if efficiency improvements prove to be modest, the world will grow increasingly dependent on advancing innovation and expanding the availability of renewable energy. Another key finding is that pathways for sustainable growth have been designed to exclude nuclear energy, carbon capture and storage, and its bioengineered variants technologies that are fraught with serious sociopolitical and technical difficulties. However, excluding them would make achieving sustainable development much more difficult and necessitate taking additional steps to increase energy efficiencies and decrease demand.

Conflicts of Interest:
None

Acknowledgement
If so, kindly mention it.

References:
Awasthi, P. (2011). Socio-economic challenges and sustainable development in developing countries. SMS, Varanasi. VII (2): 56-63.
Daly, H.E. (1999). Ecological Economics and the Ecology of Economics, E. Elgar Publications, Cheltenham.
Domingues, A.R., Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., & Ramos, T.B. (2017). Sustainability reporting in public sector organisations: exploring the relation between the reporting process and organisational change management for sustainability. Journal of Environmental Management. 192: 292-301.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.074
Fornaciari, L., & Pesci, C. (2018). Global financial crisis and relevance of GRI disclosure in Italy. Insights from the stakeholder theory and the legitimacy theory. Financial Reporting. 1(1): 67-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.3280/FR2018-001003
Jelinkova, M.,Tetrevova, L., Vavra, J., & Munzarova, S. (2021). The Sharing Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility: The Example of the Czech Republic. Sustainability. 13: 9886. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179886
Goodland, R. (2002). Sustainability: Human, Social, Economic and Environmental. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Los Angeles Times. (1996). Big growth in cities projected for 2006. May 30.
Imasiku, K. (2020). Organizational Insights, Challenges and Impact of Sustainable Development in Developing and Developed Nations. In J. C. Sánchez-García, & B. Hernández-Sánchez (Eds.), Sustainable Organizations – Models, Applications, and New Perspectives. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93748
Liu, Y., Samsami, M., Meshreki, H., Pereira, F., & Schøtt, T. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals in Strategy and Practice: Businesses in Colombia and Egypt. Sustainability. 13: 12453. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su132212453
Los Angeles Times. (1996). Big growth in cities projected for Ž . 2006. May 30
Quddus, M.D. (2018). Sustainable development of agriculture in Bangladesh: achievement and challenges. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics. XXXIX (1&2): 45-59.
United Nations General Assembly. (1987). Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future. Oslo, Norway: United Nations General Assembly, Development and International Co-operation: Environment.

Instruction for References:

(1)  References should be Alphabetically arranged.

(2) When a book’s reference is used:
Lofts, B., & Murton, R. K. (1973). Reproduction in birds. In: Farner, D. S. and King, J. R. (eds). Avian biology. Vol. III. Academic Press, London and New York. Pp. 1-107.

(3) When a single author mentions a journal article’s reference:
Madhu, N. R. (2011). Pineal-adrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeons exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. Journal name (Italics Font). 44(4): 349- 362. (Note: It means, the volume is 44, the issue is 4, and the pages are 349-362).

(4) When a reference is cited as dual authors from a journal article:
Madhu, N. R., & Manna, C. K. (2011). Pineal-adrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. Journal name (Italics). 44(4): 349-362.
Madhu, N. R., & Manna, C. K. (2011). Pineal-adrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. Journal name (Italics). 44(4): 349-362.

(5) When more than two authors are mentioned in a citation from a journal article:
Madhu, N. R., Maiti, A. K., & Manna, C. K. (2011). Pinealadrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. Journal name (Italics). 44(4): 349-362.

(6) When Referencing a Patent:
Madhu, N. R., Maiti, A. K., & Manna, C. K. (2011). Pinealadrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon. U.S. Patent No. 1234567.

Filled up Reference Check Form:

Introduction:

1.	United Nations General Assembly, 1987	United Nations General Assembly. (1987). Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future. Oslo, Norway: United Nations General Assembly, Development and International Co-operation: Environment.
2.	Domingues et al., 2017	Domingues, A.R., Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., & Ramos, T.B. (2017). Sustainability reporting in public sector organisations: exploring the relation between the reporting process and organisational change management for sustainability. Journal of Environmental Management.192: 292-301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017
3.	Daly, 1999	Daly, H.E. (1999). Ecological Economics and the Ecology of Economics, E. Elgar Publications, Cheltenham.
4.	Fornaciari and Pesci, 2018	Fornaciari, L., & Pesci, C. (2018). Global financial crisis and relevance of GRI disclosure in Italy. Insights from the stakeholder theory and the legitimacy theory. Financial Reporting. 1(1): 67-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.3280/FR2018-001003
5.	Jelinkova et al., 2021	Jelinkova, M.,Tetrevova, L., Vavra, J., & Munzarova, S. (2021). The Sharing Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility: The Example of the Czech Republic. Sustainability. 13: 9886. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179886
6.	Los Angeles Times, 1996	Los Angeles Times. (1996). Big growth in cities projected for Ž . 2006. May 30
7.	Goodland, 2002	Goodland, R. (2002). Sustainability: Human, Social, Economic and Environmental. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Los Angeles Times. (1996). Big growth in cities projected for 2006. May 30.
8.	Jelinkova et al., 2021	Jelinkova, M.,Tetrevova, L., Vavra, J., & Munzarova, S. (2021). The Sharing Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility: The Example of the Czech Republic. Sustainability. 13: 9886. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179886
		Sustainable development challenges:
9.	Imasiku, 2020	Imasiku, K. (2020). Organizational Insights, Challenges and Impact of Sustainable Development in Developing and Developed Nations. In J. C. Sánchez-García, & B. Hernández-Sánchez (Eds.), Sustainable Organizations – Models, Applications, and New Perspectives. Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93748
		Agriculture and mismanagement:
10.	Quddus, 2020	Quddus, M.D. (2018). Sustainable development of agriculture in Bangladesh: achievement and challenges. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics. XXXIX (1&2): 45-59.
		Social capital and sustainable development:
11.	Awasthi, 2011	Awasthi, P. (2011). Socio-economic challenges and sustainable development in developing countries. SMS, Varanasi. VII (2): 56-63.
		Strategies for pursuing sustainable development:
12.	Liu et al., 2021	Liu, Y., Samsami, M., Meshreki, H., Pereira, F., & Schøtt, T. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals in Strategy and Practice: Businesses in Colombia and Egypt. Sustainability. 13: 12453. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su132212453

Filled up Permission files:

Figure Sl. No	Original Figure/ Collected Figure	Remarks
Fig. 1	Eg, Original Figure	Not need permission
Fig. 2	Collected	(i)Have cited (ii) Permitted from Publisher/Corresponding Author
Fig. 3	Collected	(i)Have cited (ii) Never ask for permission.

Note: Please prepare original images, or take permission via e-mail

		–	–
Full Signature of 1st Author With Date & Place	Full Signature of 2nd Author With Date & Place	Full Signature of 3rd  Author With Date & Place	Full Signature of 4th  Author With Date & Place

Name of Corresponding Author: Nithar Ranjan Madhu &
E-mail: nithar_1@yahoo.com

Table Sl No	Original Table/ Collected Table	Remarks
Tab. 1	Tab, Original Figure	Not requiring permission
Tab. 2	Collected	(i)Have cited (ii) Permitted from Publisher/ Corresponding Author
Tab. 3	Collected	(i)Have cited (ii) Never ask for permission.

		–	–
Full Signature of 1st Author With Date & Place	Full Signature of 2nd Author With Date & Place	Full Signature of 3rd  Author With Date & Place	Full Signature of 4th  Author With Date & Place

Name of Corresponding Author: Nithar Ranjan Madhu &
E-mail: nithar_1@yahoo.com

Contact for Books/ Book Chapters/Proceeding Publication:

Sri Manoranjan Madhu,
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International Academic Publishing House (IAPH) is committed to uphold the integrity of the literature and publishes Errata, Expressions of Concerns or Retraction Notices dependent on the situation and in accordance with the COPE Retraction Guidelines. In all cases, these notices are linked to the original article.
More information on International Academic Publishing House (IAPH) guidelines can be found here: Publishing Ethics and other policies
Information on COPE Retraction Guidelines can be found here: Retraction Guidelines