Quercetin: A Promising Bioflavonoid for Health and Healing

Md. Shariful Islam
Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram, West Bengal, India.
OrchideID Icon https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8457-4537

Sruti Karmakar
Department of Environmental Science, Asutosh College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
OrchideID Icon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-1330

Published online: 15th December, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52756/bhietm.2023.e02.010

Keywords: Quercetin, Bioactive molecule, Therapeutic potential, Herbal drug.

Abstract:

Quercetin, a vital natural polyphenolic flavonoid, has diverse pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential. Flavonoids have emerged as a fundamental component in various cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medicinal formulations.  Quercetin is widely recognized for its numerous health benefits, encompassing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties and due to its wide spectrum of health-promoting effects, quercetin has attracted much attention from dietitians and medicinal chemists. Despite its promising benefits, quercetin faces challenges such as poor solubility, limited water solubility, chemical instability, and low oral bioavailability significantly restrict its potential applications. Strategies such as formulation optimization and nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being explored to enhance its pharmacokinetic profile. Understanding the pharmacology, biochemistry, and pharmacokinetics of quercetin is crucial for optimizing its therapeutic potential and designing precise drug for clinical use. Further scientific research is necessary to elucidate its mechanisms and enhance clinical utilization

References:

  • Acharya, C.K., Khan, N.K., & Madhu, N.R. (2022a). A Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Ethyl Acetate Fruit Extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. (Gaertn.) Growing in Two Phyto-geographically Contrasting Regions of West Bengal, India. Jour. Pl. Sci. Res., 38(1), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.32381/JPSR.2022.38.01.37
  • Acharya, C.K., Khan, N.S., & Madhu, N.R. (2022b). Traditional Phyto-therapeutic uses by Tribal People in Western Sundarbans: Henry Island, Fredric Island and Bakkhali, West Bengal, India. Jour. Pl. Sci. Res., 38(2), 513–523. (ISSN: 0976-3880). https://doi.org/10.32381/JPSR.2022.38.02.8
  • Acharya, C.K., Das, B., Madhu, N.R., Sau, S., Manna De, M., & Sarkar, B. (2023).  A Comprehensive Pharmacological Appraisal of Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants with Anti-diabetic Potential. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Advances in Diabetes Research and Management, pp. 163–193, Online ISBN-978-981-19-0027-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0027-3_8
  • Aghababaei F, Hadidi M. Recent Advances in Potential Health Benefits of Quercetin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Jul 18;16(7):1020. doi: 10.3390/ph16071020
  • Anachuna KK, Moke GE, Iyare C, Katchy N, Ben-Azu B, Adeniyi B, et al. Prenatal and early postnatal food restrictions cause changes in brain oxidative status and orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones in the offspring of rats: prevention by Qct and kaempferol. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov. (2020) 1:39– 52.
  • Anachuna KK, Moke GE, Iyare C, Katchy N, Ben-Azu B, Adeniyi B, et al. Prenatal and early postnatal food restrictions cause changes in brain oxidative status and orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones in the offspring of rats: prevention by Qct and kaempferol. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov. (2020) 1:39– 52.
  • Bachmetov, L., Gal-Tanamy, M., Shapira, A., Vorobeychik, M., Giterman-Galam, T., Sathiyamoorthy, P., Golan Goldhirsh, A., Benhar, I., Tur-Kaspa, R., & Zemel, R. (2012). Suppression of hepatitis C virus by the flavonoid Qct is mediated by inhibition of NS3 protease activity. J. Viral. Hepat., 19, 81–88.
  • Banerjee, J., Biswas, S., Madhu, N.R., Karmakar, S. R. and Biswas. S. J. (2014). A better understanding of pharmacological activities and uses of phytochemicals of Lycopodium clavatum: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3 (1), 207-210.
  • Bansal, A., & Priyadarsini, C. (2021). Medicinal Properties of Phytochemicals and Their Production. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98888
  • Batiha, G. E. S., Beshbishy, A. M., Ikram, M., Mulla, Z. S., El-Hack, M. E. A., Taha, A. E., … & Elewa, Y. H. A. (2020). The pharmacological activity, biochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of the major natural polyphenolic flavonoid: quercetin. Foods, 9(3), 374. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030374
  • Bhat IUH, Bhat R. Qct: a bioactive compound imparting cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits: scope for exploring fresh produce, their wastes, and by-products. Biology. (2021) 10:586.
  • Bischoff, S.C. Qct: potentials in the prevention and therapy of disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2008, 11, 733–740.
  • Biswas, T.,  Behera, B. K., & Madhu, N.R.(2023).Technology in the Management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Recent Status and Future Prospects. 26 pages, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Advances in Diabetes Research and Management. pp. 111–136. Online ISBN-978-981-19-0027-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0027-3_6
  • Chaudhari VS, Malakar TK, Murty US, Banerjee S. Extruded filaments derived 3D printed medicated skin patch to mitigate destructive pulmonary tuberculosis: design to delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. (2021) 18:301– 13. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1845648
  • Coelho-Dos-Reis, J.G.; Gomes, O.A.; Bortolini, D.E.; Martins, M.L.; Almeida, M.R.; Martins, C.S.; Carvalho, L.D.; Souza, J.G.; Vilela, J.M.; Andrade, M.S.; et al. Evaluation of the effects of Qct and kaempherol on the surface of MT-2 cells visualized by atomic force microscopy. J. Virol. Methods 2011, 174, 47–52.
  • De Vries, J.H.M.; Hollman, P.C.H.; Meyboom, S.; Buysman, M.N.C.P.; Zock, P.L.; Van Staveren, W.A.; Katan, M.B. Plasma Concentrations and Urinary Excretion of the Antioxidant Flavonols Qct and Kaempferol as Biomarkers for Dietary Intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 68, 60–65.
  • Degroote, J.; Vergauwen, H.; Van Noten, N.; Wang, W.; De Smet, S.; Van Ginneken, C.; Michiels, J. The Effect of Dietary Qct on the Glutathione Redox System and Small Intestinal Functionality of Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 312.
  • Deng Q, Li XX, Fang Y, Chen X, Xue J. Therapeutic potential of Qct as an antiatherosclerotic agent in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a review. Evid-based Complement Altern Med. (2020) 2020:5926381.
  • Dey-Ray, S., Dutta, S., Sengupta, P., Madhu, N.R., Das, N., Ray, S., Kolesarova, A., Roychoudhury, S. (2024). Elucidation of anti-inflammatory activity of a new cyclic alkaloid compound from root bark of Ziziphus nummularia (Aubrev.): in vitro, in silico and in vivo studies. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 13(5), e10564. https://doi.org/10.55251/jmbfs.10564
  • Edwards, R.L.; Lyon, T.; Litwin, S.E.; Rabovsky, A.; Symons, J.D.; Jalili, T. Qct reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 2405–2411.
  • Ezzati M, Yousefi B, Velaei K, Safa A. A review on anticancer properties of Qct in breast cancer. Life Sci. (2020) 248:117463.
  • Ferenczyova K, Kalocayova B, Bartekova M. Potential implications of Qct and its derivatives in cardioprotection. Int J Mol Sci. (2020) 21:1585.
  • Ghosh, S., Nahar, N., Dasgupta, D., Sarkar, B., Biswas, P., Chakraborty, R., Acharya, C.K., Jana, S.K., Madhu, N.R. (2022). Socioeconomic Disparity in Health of Rural Communities in the Himalayan Foothills: Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal. Chettinad Health City Medical Journal.  11(2), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.24321/2278.2044.202215
  • Guo G, Gong L, Sun L, Xu H. Retracted article: Qct supports cell viability and inhibits apoptosis in cardiocytes by down-regulating mir-199a. Artif Cells NanomedBiotechnol. (2019) 47:2909–16.
  • Harwood, M.; Danielewska-Nikiel, B.; Borzelleca, J.F.; Flamm, G.W.; Williams, G.M.; Lines, T.C. A critical review of the data related to the safety of Qct and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic/carcinogenic properties. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45, 2179–2205.
  • Hemmati, M.; Mostafavi, S.E.; Zarban, A.; Hoshyar, R. Protective Effects of Qct on Hyperglycemia and Stress Proteins Expression in Rats with Streptozocin-Induced Diabetes. Mod. Care J. 2018, 15, 8–14.
  • Hemmati, M.; Mostafavi, S.E.; Zarban, A.; Hoshyar, R. Protective Effects of Qct on Hyperglycemia and Stress Proteins Expression in Rats with Streptozocin-Induced Diabetes. Mod. Care J. 2018, 15, 8–14.
  • Hollman, P.C. Absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of flavonoids. Pharm. Biol. 2004, 42, 74–83.
  • Hollman, P.C.; de Vries, J.H.; van Leeuwen, S.D.; Mengelers, M.J.; Katan, M.B. Absorption of dietary Qct glycosides and Qct in healthy ileostomy volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 1276–1282.
  • Huang KH, Chen CY, Chang CY, Chen YW, Lin CP. The synergistic effects of Qct-containing 3D-printed mesoporous calcium silicate/calcium sulfate/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds for the promotion of osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells. J Formos Med Assoc. (2021) 120:1627–34.
  • Jaishree V, Narsimha S. Swertiamarin and Qct combination ameliorates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother. (2020) 130:110561.
  • Johari, J.; Kianmehr, A.; Mustafa, M.; Abubakar, S.; Zandi, K. Antiviral activity of Baicalein and Qct against the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 16785–16795.
  • Kalantari, H.; Foruozandeh, H.; Khodayar, M.J.; Siahpoosh, A.; Saki, N.; Kheradmand, P. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Capparisspinosa L. Fractions and Qct on Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide- Induced Acute Liver Damage in Mice. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2018, 8, 120–127.
  • Kressler, J.; Millard-Stafford, M.; Warren, G.L. Qct and endurance exercise capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 2396–2404.
  • Langner E, Lemieszek MK, Rzeski W. Lycopene, sulforaphane, Qct, and curcumin applied together show improved antiproliferative potential in colon cancer cells in vitro. J Food Biochem. (2019) 43:e12802.
  • Lee, H.N.; Shin, S.A.; Choo, G.S.; Kim, H.J.; Park, Y.S.; Kim, B.S.; Kim, S.K.; Cho, S.D.; Nam, J.S.; Choi, C.S.; et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Qct and Galangin in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages and DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Animal Models. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2018, 41, 888–898.
  • Lee, J.; Mitchell, A.E. Pharmacokinetics of Qct absorption from apples and onions in healthy humans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 3874–3881.
  • Lee, M.; Son, M.; Ryu, E.; Shin, Y.S.; Kim, J.G.; Kang, B.W.; Sung, G.; Cho, H.; Kang, H. Qct-Induced Apoptosis Prevents EBV Infection. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 12603.
  • Lesjak, M.; Beara, I.; Simin, I.; Pinta´c, D.; Majki´c, T.; Bekvalac, K.; Orˇci´c, D.; Mimica-Duki´c, N. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Qct and its derivatives. J. Funct. Foods. 2018, 40, 68–75.
  • Maciel, R.M.; Carvalho, F.B.; Olabiyi, A.A.; Schmatz, R.; Gutierres, J.M.; Stefanello, N.; Zanini, D.; Rosa, M.M.; Andrade, C.M.; Rubin, M.A.; et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Qct on Memory and Anxiogenic-like Behavior in Diabetic Rats: Role of Ectonucleotidases and Acetylcholinesterase Activities. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016, 84, 559–568.
  • Madhu, N.R., Sarkar, B., Biswas, P., Roychoudhury, S., Behera, B.K., & Acharya, C.K. (2023). Therapeutic potential of melatonin in glioblastoma: Current knowledge and future prospects. Biomarkers in Cancer Detection and Monitoring of Therapeutics, Volume-2. Elsevier Inc., pp. 371-386. ISBN 978-0-323-95114-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95114-2.00002-9
  • Mahabady MK, Shamsi MM, Ranjbar R, Tabandeh MR, Khazaeel K. Qct improved histological structure and upregulated adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in the placenta of rats with gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta. (2021) 106:49–57.
  • Maiolini M, Gause S, Taylor J, Steakin T, Shipp G, Lamichhane P, et al. The war against tuberculosis: a review of natural compounds and their derivatives. Molecules. (2020) 25:3011. doi: 10.3390/molecules25133011
  • Maiti, A., Madhu, N.R., &Manna, C. K. (2010). Ethnomedicine used by the tribal people of the district Purulia, W. B., India in controlling fertility : and experimental study. Pharmacologyonline. 1, 783-802.
  • Maiti, A., Madhu, N.R., &Manna, C. K. (2013). Natural products traditionally used by the tribal people of the Purulia district, West Bengal, India for the abortifacient purpose. International Journal of Genuine Medicine, 3(2), e14:1-4.
  • Mbikay M, Chrétien M. IsoQct as an Anti-COVID19 medication: a potential to realize. Front Pharmacol. (2022) 13:830205. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.830205
  • Moon, J.H.; Nakata, R.; Oshima, S.; Inakuma, T.; Terao, J. Accumulation of Qct conjugates in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by women. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000, 279, R461–R467.
  • Moon, Y.J.; Wang, L.; DiCenzo, R.; Morris, M.E. Qct pharmacokinetics in humans. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 2008, 29, 205–217.
  • Mullen, W.; Edwards, C.A.; Crozier, A. Absorption, excretion and metabolite profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl- and sulpho-conjugates of Qct in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions. Br. J. Nutr. 2006, 96, 107–116.
  • Nemeth, K.; Piskula, M.K. Food content, processing, absorption and metabolism of onion flavonoids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2007, 47, 397–409.
  • Nutmakul T. A review on benefits of Qct in hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis. Saudi Pharm J. (2022) 30:918–26.
  • Oboh, G.; Ademosun, A.O.; Ayeni, P.O.; Omojokun, O.S.; Bello, F. Comparative Effect of Qct and Rutin on α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and Some pro-Oxidant-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Pancreas. Comp. Clin. Path. 2015, 24, 1103–1110.
  • Okamoto, T. Safety of Qct for clinical application (Review). Int. J. Mol. Med. 2005, 16, 275–278.
  • Osonga, F.J.; Akgul, A.; Miller, R.M.; Eshun, G.B.; Yazgan, I.; Akgul, A.; Sadik, O.A. Antimicrobial Activity of a New Class of Phosphorylated and Modi Fi Ed Flavonoids. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 12865–12871.
  • Pan B, Fang S, Zhang J, Pan Y, Liu H, Wang Y, et al. Chinese herbal compounds against SARS-CoV-2: puerarin and Qct impair the binding of viral S-protein to ACE2 receptor. ComputStructBiotechnol J. (2020) 18:3518– 27. doi: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.010
  • Park DJ, Jeon SJ, Kang JB, Koh PO. Qct reduces ischemic brain injury by preventing ischemia-induced decreases in the neuronal calcium sensor protein hippocalcin. Neuroscience. (2020) 430:47–62.
  • Pawar A, Pal A, Goswami K, Squitti R, Rongiolettie M. Molecular basis of Qct as a plausible common denominator of macrophage-cholesterolfenofibrate dependent potential COVID-19 treatment axis. Results Chem. (2021) 3:100148. doi: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100148
  • Pawar, S., Pawade, K., Nipate, S., Balap, A., Pimple, B., Wagh, V., Kachave, R., & Gaikwad, A. (2023). Preclinical evaluation of the diabetic wound healing activity of phytoconstituents extracted from Ficus racemosa Linn. leaves. Int. J. Exp. Res. Rev.32, 365-377. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2023.v32.032
  • Pérez-Pastén, R.; Martínez-Galero, E.; Chamorro-Cevallos, G. Qct and naringenin reduce abnormal development of mouse embryos produced by hydroxyurea. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2010, 62, 1003–1009.
  • Poznyak, A.; Grechko, A.V.; Poggio, P.; Myasoedova, V.A.; Alfieri, V.; Orekhov, A.N. The Diabetes Mellitus–Atherosclerosis Connection: The Role of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism and Chronic Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1835.
  • Premalatha E, Dineshraj R, Kannan I, Bhaarath KS, Sharavanan TKV. Molecular docking study on Qct derivatives as inhibitors of pantothenatesynthetase (PanC) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Res Pharm. (2020) 11:3684– 90. doi: 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2529
  • Rai, A., & Sharma, A. (2024). An Ethno-Pharmacological Study of Wound Healing Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Dhamtari, Chhattisgarh, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 38, 194-207. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v38.018
  • Rauf, A.; Imran, M.; Khan, I.A.; ur-Rehman, M.; Gilani, S.A.; Mehmood, Z.; Mubarak, M.S. Anticancer potential of Qct: A comprehensive review. Phytother. Res. 2018, 32, 2109–2130.
  • Ren M, Wang X, Hu M, Jiang Y, Xu D, Xiang H, et al. Enhanced bone formation in rat critical-size tibia defect by a novel Qct-containing alpha-calcium sulphate hemihydrate/nano-hydroxyapatite composite. Biomed Pharmacother. (2022) 146:112570.
  • Rocha, M.F.G.; Sales, J.A.; da Rocha, M.G.; Galdino, L.M.; de Aguiar, L.; Pereira-Neto, W.D.; de AguiarCordeiro, R.; Castelo-Branco, D.D.; Sidrim, J.J.; Brilhante, R.S.N. Antifungal Effects of the Flavonoids Kaempferol and Qct: A Possible Alternative for the Control of Fungal Biofilms. Biofouling 2019, 35, 320–328.
  • Roy, R., Chakraborty, A., Jana, K., Sarkar, B., Biswas, P., & Madhu, N.R. (2023). The Broader Aspects of Treating Diabetes with the Application of Nanobiotechnology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Advances in Diabetes Research and Management, pp. 137–162, Online ISBN-978-981-19-0027-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0027-3_7
  • Roychoudhury, S., Das, A., Jha, N.K., Kesari, K.K., Roychoudhury, S.,  Jha, S.K., Kosgi, R., Choudhury, A.P., Lukac, N., Madhu, N.R., Kumar, D., & Slama, P. (2021). Viral pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and male reproductive health. Open Biology (The Royal Society Publishing, UK). 11, 200347 (Page 1- 11),  https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200347. 
  • Russo, M.; Spagnuolo, C.; Tedesco, I.; Bilotto, S.; Russo, G.L. The flavonoid Qct in disease prevention and therapy: Facts and fancies. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012, 83, 6–15.
  • Russo, M.; Spagnuolo, C.; Tedesco, I.; Bilotto, S.; Russo, G.L. The flavonoid Qct in disease prevention and therapy: Facts and fancies. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012, 83, 6–15.
  • Saeedi-Boroujeni, A.; Mahmoudian-Sani, M.R. Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Qct in COVID-19 Treatment. J. Inflamm. 2021, 18, 3.
  • Sankaranarayanan R, Sekhon PK, Ambat A, Nelson J, Jose D, Bhat GJ, et al. Screening of human gut bacterial culture collection identifies species that biotransform Qct into metabolites with anticancer properties. Int J Mol Sci. (2021) 22:7045.
  • Sarkar, B., Biswas, P., Acharya, C.K., Ghorai, S.K., Nahar, N., Jana, S.K., Ghosh, S., Sarkar, D., Behera, B., & Madhu, N.R. (2021). Knowledge of Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants for the Management of COPD. Chettinad Health City Medical Journal.10(4), 184 – 189. https://doi.org/10.36503/chcmj10(4)-05
  • Sarkar, B., Jana, S., Kasem, S., & Behera, B. (2016). Therapeutic potential of some Medicinal plants on wound healing. Int. J. Exp. Res. Rev.2, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2016.v2.001
  • Sarkar, B., Kotal, H.N., Giri, C.K., Mandal, A., Hudait, N., Madhu, N.R., Saha, S., Basak, S.K., Sengupta, J., & Ray, K. (2024). Detection of a bibenzyl core scaffold in 28 common mangrove and associate species of the Indian Sundarbans: potential signature molecule for mangrove salinity stress acclimation. Front. Plant Sci., 14, 1291805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1291805
  • Sarkar, S., Sadhu, S., Roy, R., Tarafdar, S., Mukherjee, N., Sil, M., Goswami, A., & Madhu, N.R. (2023). Contemporary Drifts in Diabetes Management. Int. J. App. Pharm., 15(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2023v15i2.46792
  • Scholz S., Williamson G. Interactions affecting the bioavailability of dietary polyphenols in vivo. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 2007;77:224–235. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.77.3.224
  • Shafabakhsh R, Asemi Z. Qct: a natural compound for ovarian cancer treatment. J Ovarian Res. (2019) 12:1–9.
  • Sur, T., Das, A., Bashar, S., Tarafdar, S., Sarkar, B., & Madhu, N.R. (2023). Biochemical Assay for Measuring Diabetes Mellitus. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Advances in Diabetes Research and Management, pp. 1–20, Online ISBN-978-981-19-0027-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0027-3_1
  • Swaminathan, V., Rajasundaram, A., & Santhoshkumar, S. (2024). Effect of Altered Sleep, Perceived Stress on Muscle Strength between Night and Day Shift Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chennai. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 38, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v38.010
  • Tumova S, Shi Y, Carr IM, Williamson G. Effects of Qct and metabolites on uric acid biosynthesis and consequences for gene expression in the endothelium. Free RadicBiol Med. (2021) 162:191–201.
  • Utesch, D.; Feige, K.; Dasenbrock, J.; Harwood, M.; Danielewska-Nikiel, B.; Lines, T.C. Evaluation of the potential in vivo genotoxicity of Qct. Mutat. Res. 2008, 654, 38–44.
  • Vanhees, K.; de Bock, L.; Godschalk, R.W.; van Schooten, F.J.; van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani, S.B. Prenatal exposure to flavonoids: Implication for cancer risk. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 120, 59–67.
  • Wang G, Li Y, Lei C, Lei X, Zhu X, Yang L, et al. Qct exerts antidepressant and cardioprotective effects in estrogen receptor α-deficient female mice via BDNF-AKT/ERK1/2 signaling. J Steroid BiochemMol Biol. (2021) 206:105795.
  • Wang, S.; Yao, J.; Zhou, B.O.; Yang, J.; Chaudry, M.T.; Wang, M.I.; Xiao, F. Bacteriostatic Effect of Qct as an Antibiotic Alternative In Vivo and Its Antibacterial Mechanism In Vitro. J. Food Prot. 2018, 81, 68–78.
  • Wang, Y.H.; Chao, P.D.; Hsiu, S.L.; Wen, K.C.; Hou, Y.C. Lethal Qct-digoxin interaction in pigs. Life Sci. 2004, 74, 1191–1197.
  • Wong SK, Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S. Qct as an agent for protecting the bone: a review of the current evidence. Int J Mol Sci. (2020) 21:6448.
  • Wong, G.; He, S.; Siragam, V.; Bi, Y.; Mbikay, M.; Chretien, M.; Qiu, X. Antiviral Activity of Qct-3-β-O-D-Glucoside against Zika Virus Infection. Virol. Sin. 2017, 32, 545–547.
  • Wu X, Wang LJ, Hou Y, Guo RY, Liu M, Yang L, et al. Different action mechanisms of low-and high-level Qct in the brains of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. (2021) 223:112597.
  • Yao, Z.; Gu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, L.; Meng, G.; Wu, H.; Xia, Y.; Bao, X.; Shi, H.; Sun, S.; et al. Estimated Daily Qct Intake and Association with the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Adults. Eur. J. Nutr. 2019, 58, 819–830. Zandi, K.; Teoh, B.T.; Sam, S.S.; Wong, P.F.; Mustafa, M.R.; Abubakar, S. Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. Virol. J. 2011, 8, 560.

check for update

The Basic Handbook of Indian Ethnobotany
and Tradition
al Medicine
Vol. 2

How to Cite
Md Shariful Islam, Sruti Karmakar (2023). Quercetin: A Promising Bioflavonoid for Health and Healing. © International Academic Publishing House (IAPH), Mrs. Bhanumati Sarkar, Dr. (Professor) Surjyo Jyoti Biswas, Dr. Alok Chandra Samal & Dr. Akhil Pandey (eds.), The Basic Handbook of Indian Ethnobotany and Traditional Medicine [Volume: 2], pp. 117-134. ISBN: 978-81-962683-5-0.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52756/bhietm.2023.e02.010

SHARE WITH EVERYONE

Continue reading in any device

Continue reading in any device

Our Other Books –