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Medical Zoology and Public Health

Author:
Dr. Bhaskar Mahanayak

ISBN: 978-81-969828-0-5

Published on July 01, 2024



ABSTRACT

In an era marked by unprecedented global interconnectedness, the health of humans, animals, and our shared environment has never been more intertwined. “Medical Zoology and Public Health” stands at this critical intersection, offering a comprehensive exploration of the ways in which zoonotic diseases, vectors, and parasites impact human health. This book underscores the importance of the One Health concept—a holistic approach recognizing the inseparable link between human, animal, and environmental health. It advocates for multidisciplinary collaborations as essential in addressing contemporary and future public health challenges.
Medical Zoology, a field with roots reaching back to the earliest human civilizations, has evolved significantly. From the ancient Egyptians and Greeks who first documented parasitic infections, to the groundbreaking discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries by pioneers like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, our understanding of the biological connections between species has expanded profoundly. This historical context is crucial as it illustrates the foundational knowledge upon which modern Medical Zoology is built.
The book begins by defining key concepts in health and disease, exploring the multifaceted nature of health as articulated by the World Health Organization: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Understanding health in this broad sense is essential for comprehending the diverse ways in which diseases—whether infectious, non-communicable, or lifestyle-related—affect populations. The determinants of health, ranging from genetics and behavior to environmental and socioeconomic factors, are discussed to provide a holistic view of what influences health outcomes.
“Medical Zoology and Public Health” delves into the scope of Medical Zoology, covering an array of topics such as zoonotic diseases, vector-borne diseases, and parasitology. Each chapter provides detailed insights into the pathogens responsible for these diseases, their transmission mechanisms, and the innovative control measures developed to combat them. From viral zoonoses like Ebola and Zika to bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, the book covers a broad spectrum of health threats, illustrating the complexity and diversity of interactions between hosts, vectors, and pathogens.
One of the book’s core themes is the One Health approach. This integrative perspective emphasizes that the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are deeply interconnected. By promoting interdisciplinary collaboration among veterinarians, ecologists, public health professionals, and policymakers, One Health seeks to achieve optimal health outcomes for all species. The chapters on One Health approach highlight case studies and successful implementations of this model, reinforcing its importance in contemporary public health strategies.
In addition to theoretical knowledge, the book places a strong emphasis on practical applications in public health. Disease surveillance and control are paramount, as evidenced by chapters discussing the monitoring and managing of zoonotic disease outbreaks. The development of vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments is explored, showcasing the critical role of research in advancing public health. Public health education and awareness campaigns, informed by the science of Medical Zoology, are presented as vital tools in reducing the risk of zoonotic infections.
Policy and regulation are also key components discussed in the book. Effective public health policies, grounded in scientific research, can mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. Examples include regulations on wildlife trade and domestic animal vaccination programs. The book argues for the necessity of such policies in promoting health equity and improving global health security.
The economic impact of zoonotic diseases is another critical aspect covered in the book. Outbreaks like those of foot-and-mouth disease or avian influenza have far-reaching economic consequences, affecting agriculture, trade, and tourism. By reducing the burden of these diseases through effective public health strategies, substantial economic benefits can be realized.
Looking towards the future, “Medical Zoology and Public Health” addresses emerging and re-emerging diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and the impacts of climate change and urbanization on disease dynamics. These challenges necessitate continuous research, adequate funding, and strong interdisciplinary collaborations. The book calls for a sustained commitment to addressing these evolving threats through innovative and adaptive public health strategies.
In conclusion, this book is designed to be a vital resource for students, researchers, and professionals across multiple disciplines, including public health, veterinary medicine, and environmental science. It provides a thorough understanding of the complex interplay between humans, animals, and their environment, emphasizing the importance of a One Health approach. As the world faces new and ongoing health challenges, the knowledge and insights offered in “Medical Zoology and Public Health” will be indispensable in shaping effective and sustainable public health solutions. By fostering a deeper appreciation of Medical Zoology and its crucial role in public health, this book aspires to contribute significantly to the global endeavor of improving health outcomes for all species. Through education, research, and policy, we can work towards a healthier, more resilient world.

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  • Karesh, W. B., Dobson, A., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Lubroth, J., Dixon, M. A., Bennett, M., … & Mazet, J. A. K. (2012). Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. The Lancet, 380(9857), 1936-1945.
  • Cleaveland, S., Laurenson, M. K., & Taylor, L. H. (2001). Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 356(1411), 991-999
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  • Hotez, P. J., & Kamath, A. (2009). Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3(8), e412.
  • Bethony, J., Brooker, S., Albonico, M., Geiger, S. M., Loukas, A., Diemert, D., & Hotez, P. J. (2006). Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. The Lancet, 367(9521), 1521-1532. World Health Organization. (2010). First WHO report on neglected tropical diseases: working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from WHO
  • Chapter 11:
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  • Chapter 13:
  • WHO (2017). Vector-borne diseases. Retrieved from WHO
  • Gubler, D. J. (2002). The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Archives of Medical Research, 33(4), 330-342.
  • Lambrechts, L., Scott, T. W., & Gubler, D. J. (2010). Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4(5), e646.
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  • Chapter 14:
  • Himsworth, C. G., Parsons, K. L., Jardine, C., & Patrick, D. M. (2013). Rats, cities, people, and pathogens: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of literature regarding the ecology of rat-associated zoonoses in urban centers. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 13(6), 349-359.
  • Glass, G. E., Childs, J. E., Korch, G. W., & LeDuc, J. W. (1988). Association of intraspecific wounding with hantaviral infection in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus). Epidemiology and Infection, 101(2), 459-472.
  • Stenseth, N. C., Atshabar, B. B., Begon, M., Belmain, S. R., Bertherat, E., Carniel, E., … & Drancourt, M. (2008). Plague: Past, present, and future. PLOS Medicine, 5(1), e3.
  • Berner, Y. N., Greenberg, Z., Braun, E., & Baneth, G. (2010). Leptospira infection in commensal rodents and in urban brown rats in Israel. Epidemiology and Infection, 138(6), 877-882.
  • Perry, R. D., & Fetherston, J. D. (1997). Yersinia pestis—etiologic agent of plague. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10(1), 35-66.
  • Chapter 15:
  • WHO (2017). Vector-borne diseases. Retrieved from WHO
  • Gubler, D. J. (2002). The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Archives of Medical Research, 33(4), 330-342.
  • Lambrechts, L., Scott, T. W., & Gubler, D. J. (2010). Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4(5), e646.
  • Himsworth, C. G., Parsons, K. L., Jardine, C., & Patrick, D. M. (2013). Rats, cities, people, and pathogens: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of literature regarding the ecology of rat-associated zoonoses in urban centers. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 13(6), 349-359.
  • Glass, G. E., Childs, J. E., Korch, G. W., & LeDuc, J. W. (1988). Association of intraspecific wounding with hantaviral infection in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus). Epidemiology and Infection, 101(2), 459-472.
  • Chapter 16:
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
  • GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1923-1994.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
  • International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas (9th ed.). Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.
  • American Cancer Society. (2020). Cancer Facts & Figures 2020. Atlanta: American Cancer Society.
  • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. (2020). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD. Retrieved from https://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/
  • Chapter 17:
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
  • GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1923-1994.
  • American Heart Association. (2020). Understanding Blood Pressure Readings. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings
  • International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas (9th ed.). Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.
  • American Cancer Society. (2020). Cancer Facts & Figures 2020. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2020). The Nutrition Source: Healthy Eating Plate. Retrieved from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/
  • Chapter 18:
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
  • American Heart Association. (2020). Understanding Blood Pressure Readings. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2020). Air Pollution and Your Health. Retrieved from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution/index.cfm
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Workplace Safety and Health Topics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/
  • Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2020). Noise Pollution. Retrieved from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/noise-pollution/
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/
  • American Psychological Association. (2020). Stress in America 2020. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/sia-mental-health-crisis
  • National Institute of Mental Health. (2020). Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). Managing Environmental Stressors. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/enviromental-stressors
  • Chapter 19:
  • Bamji M.S.(2019).Textbook of human nutrition. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. (4th ed).
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2021). Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/health-risks-overweight
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Defining Adult Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html
  • Bray, G. A., & Ryan, D. H. (2020). Update on obesity pharmacotherapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1464(1), 44-58.
  • Pi-Sunyer, X. (2019). The medical risks of obesity. Postgraduate Medicine, 121(6), 21-33.
  • Gadde, K. M., & Apolzan, J. W. (2019). Pharmacotherapy for weight loss. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 119-133.
  • Mechanick, J. I., Youdim, A., Jones, D. B., Garvey, W. T., Hurley, D. L., McMahon, M. M., & Heinberg, L. J. (2020). Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of bariatric surgery patients. Obesity, 28(3), 33-50.
  • Wing, R. R., & Phelan, S. (2020). Long-term weight loss maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(1), 222S-225S.
  • Halpern, B., & Mancini, M. C. (2019). Treatment of obesity: an update on anti-obesity medications. Obesity Reviews, 20(S1), 15-24.
  • Rubino, F., Nathan, D. M., Eckel, R. H., Schauer, P. R., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P. Z., … & Mingrone, G. (2020). Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Diabetes Care, 43(2), 234-239.
  • Chapter 20:
  • American Diabetes Association. (2020). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Supplement 1), S1-S212.
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2020). Diabetes Overview. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview
  • National Diabetes Statistics Report. (2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/statistics-report.html
  • Hannon, T. S., & Arslanian, S. A. (2020). Pediatric Obesity-Related Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 49(2), 211-228.
  • Holt, R. I. G., Cockram, C., Flyvbjerg, A., & Goldstein, B. J. (2017). Textbook of Diabetes (5th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Nathan, D. M. (2020). Diabetes: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, 324(8), 766-773.
  • Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J. K., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Hess Fischl, A., … & Vivian, E. (2020). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: A joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes Care, 43(7), 1481-1487.
  • Umpierrez, G. E., & Pasquel, F. J. (2020). Management of inpatient hyperglycemia and diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care, 43(3), 152-162.
  • Zimmet, P. Z., Magliano, D. J., Herman, W. H., & Shaw, J. E. (2014). Diabetes: a 21st-century challenge. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(1), 56-64.
  • Chapter 21:
  • Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., … & Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 139(10), e56-e528.
  • Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey Jr, D. E., Drazner, M. H., … & Wilkoff, B. L. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 62(16), e147-e239.
  • Ponikowski, P., Voors, A. A., Anker, S. D., Bueno, H., Cleland, J. G., Coats, A. J., … & ESC Scientific Document Group. (2016). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal, 37(27), 2129-2200.
  • January, C. T., Wann, L. S., Alpert, J. S., Calkins, H., Cigarroa, J. E., Cleveland Jr, J. C., … & Yancy, C. W. (2014). 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation, 130(23), 2071-2104.
  • Aboyans, V., Ricco, J. B., Bartelink, M. E., Björck, M., Brodmann, M., Cohnert, T., … & Collet, J. P. (2017). 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 55(3), 305-368.
  • Chapter 22:
  • Voelkerding, K. V., Dames, S. A., & Durtschi, J. D. (2019). Next-generation sequencing: from basic research to diagnostics. Clinical Chemistry, 65(4), 458-468.
  • Heyer, E. E., Deveson, I. W., Wooi, D., Selinger, C. I., Lyons, R. J., Hayes, V. M., & O’Keefe, R. A. (2019). Diagnosis of fusion genes using targeted RNA sequencing. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1-12.
  • Hagan, R. S., & Bruchez, M. P. (2020). Reviewing receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of protein and nanoparticle conjugates. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 11, 193-219.
  • Schork, N. J. (2015). Personalized medicine: Time for one-person trials. Nature, 520(7549), 609-611.
  • Chapter 23:
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Preventive health care. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/preventive-health-care
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Preventive health care. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/prevention/index.html
  • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. Retrieved from https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/guide-to-clinical-preventive-services
  • National Institutes of Health. (2021). Preventive health screening. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/preventivehealthscreening.html American Cancer Society. (2021). Cancer screening guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/healthy/find-cancer-early/cancer-screening-guidelines.html
  • Chapter 24:
  • Elmore, J.G; Wild, D.; Nelson, H.D; and Katz, D. L. (2020) Jekel’s Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, and Public health. 5th Edition.  Elsevier.
  • National Institutes of Health. (2021). Biomarkers definitions working group: Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326791/
  • American Cancer Society. (2021). Tumor markers. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Biomarkers in risk assessment and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/biomarkers/en/
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Biomarkers and Laboratory Science. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/biomarkers/index.html
  • European Society of Cardiology. (2021). Cardiovascular biomarkers. Retrieved from https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Cardiovascular-biomarkers

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