Sushil K. Mahata, Ph.D.

Professor of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California San Diego
Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory

Keywords:

Catestatin, Hypertension, Diabetes, Insulin resistance, Chromogranin A, CST knockout

Hypertension, the chronic elevation of blood pressure (BP, mmHg  ³140 systolic or ³diastolic), is expected to rise from 918 million adults in 2000 to 1.56 billion in 2025. The large increase in hypertension globally is due largely by rapidly rising prevalence in low-middle-income countries. BP is regulated via a complex integrated process, which requires contributions from vasculature, heart, kidney, adrenal glands, and central nervous system. Diabetes, the chronic elevation of blood glucose, is also a leading cause of death. Diabetes affects more than 10% of the adult population in the world and contributes to trillions of dollars in healthcare costs. Insulin resistance (IR) is the hallmark of diabetes, which is characterized by a reduced ability to stimulate glucose uptake in muscle/fat and restrain glucose production by the liver leading to hyperglycemia. Among metabolic tissues, the liver is the first organ to develop IR, followed by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In the liver, IR leads to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis as well as decreased glycogenesis. This results in persistent hepatic glucose production contributing to postprandial hyperglycemia.
Chromogranin A (CgA), a ~48 kDa secretory proprotein, is proteolytically processed to several bioactive peptides including catestatin (CST: hCgA_352-372) with broad implications and therapeutic potentials. Compared to healthy individuals, plasma CST levels are low in hypertensive and diabetic patients as well as in mice. Consistent with these findings, we found that systemic CST knockout (CST-KO) mice are hypertensive and insulin-resistant on a normal chow diet, implicating CST as an important regulator of hypertension and diabetes. Supplementation of CST-KO mice with CST reversed both hypertension and diabetes, implicating that CST regulates monogenic mode of hypertension and diabetes. To prove whether CST exerts similar effects in polygenic mode of hypertension and diabetes, we treated hypertensive and diabetic mice with CST and found that CST was able to restore both hypertension and diabetes, confirming CST as an endogenous antihypertensive and antidiabetic peptide. Studies are in progress to establish the therapeutic potential of CST in ameliorating hypertension and diabetes.

Debnarayan Roy¹, Dipak Kumar Tamili² & Sudipta Kumar Ghorai^3*

¹Principal, Jhargram Raj College
^2,3Coastal Environmental studies Research Centre, Egra SSB College
*Corresponding Author

Keywords:

Fresh Water mollusks, anti cancer activity, antiparasitic compounds, angiogenesis

Bellamya bengalensis, a freshwater gastropod mollusk commonly known as Bengal spike, is known for its potential as a source of bioactive compounds. Studies have identified and characterized several bioactive compounds occurring in Bellamya bengalensis, including alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. These compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and antitumor properties. Free radical scavenging and oxidative stress inhibition are the main mechanisms responsible for the antioxidant activity of Bellamya bengalensis compounds.
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. The antioxidant activity of these compounds suggests their potential for therapeutic applications in managing these diseases.
Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the bioactive compounds has been investigated against various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. Inhibitory effects of these compounds have been found against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as against pathogenic fungi. This antimicrobial activity makes them potential candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial agents to combat drug-resistant microorganisms.
Moreover, studies have also explored the antiparasitic activity of Bellamya bengalensis bioactive compounds. Their effectiveness has been demonstrated against parasites that cause significant health problems for humans and animals, including trematodes and nematodes.
The antiparasitic activity of these compounds opens avenues for developing new treatments for parasitic infections. Moreover, some bioactive compounds from Bellamya bengalensis have antitumor properties.
They have demonstrated promising results in inhibiting tumor cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis. These properties make them potential candidates for the development of anticancer therapeutics.
In conclusion, Bellamya bengalensis is a promising source of bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities. They are useful for a wide range of applications, including medicine and agriculture, due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and antitumor properties. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of Bellamya bengalensis bioactive compounds and optimize their use for practical applications.

Punyasloke Bhadury

Integrative Taxonomy and Microbial Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences and, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
Mail ID: pbhadury@iiserkol.ac.in

The coastal Bay of Bengal of South Asia is home to variety of biotopes with rich biodiversity, influences regional climatic patterns and supports the livelihood of millions of communities. Sundarbans, the world’s largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem, an UNESCO World Heritage Site and a RAMSAR site, located along the north east coast of the Bay of Bengal and shared between India and Bangladesh, is home to unique biodiversity and abundant marine bioresources. However, there is a limited understanding of the microbial biocomplexity that is shaped by prevailing environmental gradients such as in Sundarbans which could have huge consequences towards targeted biodiscovery of marine metabolites. Using state-of-art genomics and cultured based approaches the importance of coastal oceanic ecosystems such as Sundarbans could provide reliable marine metabolites that can help towards achieving affordable drugs for Atmanirbhar Bharat. In this lecture, some of the approaches undertaken to date for targeted biodiscovery so as to cater for societal benefits will be highlighted.

Chittaranjan Sinha

Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata – 700 032
Mail ID: crschemju@gmail.com

Keywords:

Chemosensors, Fluorophoric receptor, Spectro-fluorometrically

Alchemists had fixed two objectives – (i) Transformation of Iron to Gold that means transformation of useful material to precious material and (ii) Elixir of Life to sustain long-healthy active life. The origination, growth, survivability and death of living body is controlled by chemistry in general and Molecules/Ions in particular. Chemistry explains the cellular activity, evolution of energy and proteins, breathing and blood flow, quality of foods and vitamins, importance of nutrition etc. With a basic understanding of chemistry, one can realise why organ’s function.  They involve in cellular and subcellular functions. Precipitation of chemical substances (toxic or nontoxic) in the environment has impact on the equilibrium and sustainability and has direct impact on human health. Chemistry democratically helps for the development of every branch of science, engineering, medicine, forensic, law, humanities and is the growth indicator of a nation. 
Ions and molecules are required for growth and integrated progress of plants and animals. Healthy life also needs clean and toxic free environment. The concentration of ions in biology is to be maintained at optimum level – neither low nor high. Recently, the chemosensors are used in the selective and specific detection of ions/molecules. The characteristic of sensors includes high selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, high resolution, and low signal-noise ratio as well as easy to synthesize and commercially cheap. Past few years we have been engaged in the developing of fluorophoric receptor and metal complexes of them, which may detect various ions (cations and/or anions) spectro-fluorometrically by tuning emission wavelength or intensity. Our researchers have successfully designed various novel molecules those are showing sensitivity towards Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺, Pd²⁺, PO₄^3-, CN^–, F^–.

Ananya Dutta^{1, 2}, Satyajit Halder¹, Anup Kumar Misra¹, Kuladip Jana^1,*

¹Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata-700091, India.
²Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, U.S.A.
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: kuladip@gmail.com/kuladip@jcbose.ac.in

Keywords:

Sulforaphane, ROS, apoptosis, Nrf-2, IGF R1, PI3K/Akt

In this age of colossal technological advances and social augmentation, cancer is still marked as one of the foremost common disease of concern and second reason worldwide for human morbidity and mortality. Chemotherapy, irradiation and immunotherapy are the gold customary approaches for cancer treatment worldwide but brings along the toxicity. Hence, the current need is to develop alternate strategies of therapeutics, primarily through the chemical modifications of compounds isolated from natural sources or by conjugating various compounds by means of a pharmacophore with the last word goal to extend effectiveness and minimize toxicity. Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, has attracted attention because of its tremendous anticancer potential. Thus, keeping this in mind, an array of sulforaphane analogs were designed, created, and evaluated for their cytotoxic potentials on various murine and human malignant cell lines. One such analog compound, 4a, was chosen as the most potent, with a high cytotoxic effect against cancer cells and low toxicity against normal cell lines. Our present study established a lead compound’s mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis induction. The inhibition of cell propagation was linked to data confirming G2/M phase arrest. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio induces mitochondrial dysfunction. This compound interacts with IGFR1 and blocks the PI3K/Akt pathway. Molecular docking and western blot analyses investigation provided these pieces of information. The lead compound suppressed the NRF-2 protein expression, thus increasing the number of free radicals in tumor cells. Compound 4a induced ROS-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis as confirmed by western blot analysis. The 4T1 injected Balb/C syngeneic tumor model confirmed the augmentation in the inhibitory outcome of the lead compound. This study summarizes the mechanistic pathway by which 4a mediates its cytotoxic effect in cancer cells. A novel sulforaphane analog, 4a, acts as an antagonist against the IGFR1 receptor, block the PI3K/Akt and NRF-2 pathways and promotes apoptosis via ROS generation in a caspase-independent manner.

B. A. Ghata

^{MBBS, DMAS (France), DMAS(WALS),FMAS, FIAGES, FALS, PG Certificate course from SAGES(USA),
Level-5 Lap. Trained in Dundee University (UK)}

Keywords:

Bioactive Compounds, Nutrigenomic, Polyphenolic compounds, Flavonoids, Carotenoids, Trepenoid, Anticancer effect

Bioactive natural compounds have gained considerable attention in recent years due to their potential role in cancer prevention. These compounds, derived from various natural sources such as plants, fungi, and marine organisms, possess inherent biological activities that make them attractive candidates for developing novel therapeutic strategies against cancer. This abstract provides an overview of the bioactive natural compounds and their role in cancer prevention. Bioactive natural compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics, exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Their ability to modulate key cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, makes them potential agents for cancer prevention. Several studies have reported the chemopreventive effects of bioactive compounds in various cancer types, including breast, colon, prostate, and lung cancer. These compounds have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, induce cell cycle arrest, and promote programmed cell death, thereby suppressing tumor development and progression. Moreover, bioactive natural compounds can exert their cancer preventive effects through the modulation of signaling pathways involved in tumor initiation and progression. For instance, polyphenols, such as resveratrol and curcumin, have been found to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are key regulators of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Additionally, these compounds can target cancer stem cells, a small sub population of cells responsible for tumor initiation, recurrence, and metastasis. Furthermore, bioactive natural compounds have shown promising synergistic effects when combined with conventional cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These compounds can enhance the efficacy of treatment, reduce side effects, and overcome drug resistance. In conclusion, bioactive natural compounds hold great potential as preventive agents against cancer. Their diverse biological activities and ability to target multiple signalling pathways make them attractive candidates for developing effective and safe strategies for cancer prevention. Further research is warranted to better understand their mechanisms of action and optimize their use in clinical settings.

Dr. Nirmal Kumar Hazra

Department of chemistry, Egra S.S.B. College, Egra, Purbamedinipur

Keywords:

Azaserine, Diazonium, Carbenium ion, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, Streptomyces fragilis, N-alanylazaserine

Diazonium salt is a class of organic compound that have the structure R-N₂⁺. They are highly unstable and quickly decomposes to nitrogen gas and carbenium ion. But certain aromatic diazonium salts are stable enough to be isolated. Although these diazo compounds are taking part an important role in synthetic organic chemistry as versatile intermediate, a small number of such compounds are known in literature as bio active natural products.
Azaserine, a naturally occurring diazo compound was isolated from Streptomyces fragilis and reported as antitumour and antibiotic agents. N-alanylazaserine which was isolated from fermentation of Glycomyces harbinensis which is more active than azaserine against a range of bacteria. Another azaserine derivative, thrazarine which was isolated from Steptomyces coerulescens and showed activity against a wide range of tumours. 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) was isolated from a Steptomyces strain but the clinical work of this were ceased due to severe side effects. The N-acetyl derivative of DON (duazomycin A) was isolated from Streptomyces ambofaciens.  Duazomycin B (azotomycin)  also obtained from the same micro-organism which exhibited potent anticancer activity. A bis-diazoketone containing natural product is alazopeptin, isolated from Steptomyces griscoplanus has attracted attention because of their anti-trypanosomal activity. Another alanine containing diazoketone which is designated as OS-3256-B was iosolated from Steptomyces candidus strain. The above diazoketone derivatives are the amino acid anti-metabolites and exhibit potent biological activity, particularly tumours. But finally it was concluded that these compounds are too toxic for clinical use.

Sudipta Kumar Ghorai

Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, Egra SSB College

Keywords:

Lingula anatina, Living fossil, Brachiopoda, bioactive compounds

Lingula anatina, commonly known as the duckbill brachiopod, belongs to the phylum Brachiopoda. Scientists have been intrigued by its unique physiological and biochemical properties since it inhabits coastal areas in Southeast Asia. There is a great deal of bioactive compound potential in Lingula anatina, according to recent studies. It aims to highlight the potential applications of bioactive compounds derived from Lingula anatina. Small molecules, proteins, peptides, and polysaccharides have been identified as bioactive compounds in Lingula anatina. There have been diverse biological effects demonstrated for these compounds such as antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties, antimicrobial properties, antitumor properties, and immune modulatory properties. A polysaccharide extract from Lingula anatina is capable of protecting cells against oxidative stress-induced damage. Furthermore, these polysaccharides have demonstrated immunomodulatory properties through their ability to stimulate proliferation and activation of immune cells, suggesting their potential for use in immunotherapy. Additionally, Lingula anatina-derived proteins and peptides have demonstrated antimicrobial and antitumor activities, making them promising candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial agents and anticancer drugs. Furthermore, small molecules isolated from Lingula anatina have shown significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators. These molecules hold potential for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, including arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. The unique biochemical composition of Lingula anatina and its bioactive compounds make it a valuable resource for drug discovery and development. In order to enhance the bioactivity and therapeutic potential of these compounds, further research is needed to elucidate their mechanisms of action. In conclusion, Lingula anatina represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities. The exploration of Lingula anatina’s bioactive compounds offers exciting prospects for the development of novel therapeutic agents in various fields, including medicine, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals. Further investigation and characterization of these compounds are crucial for harnessing their full potential and transforming them into clinically relevant applications.

Debajyoti Pradhan^* & Gadadhar Dash

Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 094, India
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: dpradhan79@gmail.com

Keywords:

White fecal syndrome, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, Vibrio spp., antioxidant, innate immunity

White fecal syndrome (WFS) is reported to be a serious problem in Penaeus vannamei culture ponds in South Asian countries. The microsporidian parasite, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), along with a huge amount of pathogenic Vibrio spp., may be responsible for WFS. Plants have a profound impact on controlling numerous microbial infections because of their diverse and rich supplies of active substances, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, pigments, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids and essential oils. The wide variety of active substances in herbal preparations improve hepatoprotective action, growth promoting action, antioxidant activity and greatly minimise or control EHP issues. WFS is a digestive system disorder and treatment with herbal active ingredients, in particular, has been shown to improve the health of the hepatopancreas and the digestive system, which may help to minimise or control the condition. Products made from Citrus limon, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Borassus flabellifer and Vigni mungo have a significant impact on the shrimp’s health status in relation to EHP infection. The opportunistic pathogen Vibrio spp., which is prevalent in shrimp’s digestive tract, is decreased by leafflower (Phyllanthus urinaria) herbal extract. Gracilaria verrucosa has a bioactive component that can boost resistance to harmful microorganisms by stimulating innate immunity. In addition to enhancing the shrimp’s immunity, G. verrucosa extract promotes P. vannamei‘s resistance to V. harveyi. It is necessary to conduct a complete trial in which the pure herbal compounds are given to the shrimp and their effects on EHP and Vibrio spp. are examined at the molecular level.

Mamtaj Khatun

Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Egra S.S.B. College, Egra, Purba Medinipur,, W.B., India

Keywords:

AGEP, Hyperglycemia, Acetooxidation, FBG, S-allylcysteine

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common endocrine disorder lead to hyperglycemia causing various disorders in the eyes, nerves, blood vessels, skin, and kidneys. Increased glycation of proteins and the accumulation of advanced glycation end-product (AGEPs) have been used in monitoring the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Glycation, together with AGEP formation, is also accompanied by the formation of free radicals via acetoxidation of glucose and glycated proteins. Compounds with combined antiglycation and antioxidant properties may offer therapeutic potential. Recent studies suggested that AGE suppresses the production of AGEPs in-vitro, and formation of glycation derived free radicals. S-allylcysteine, a key component of aged garlic, is a potent antioxidant and can inhibit AGEP formation. Aged garlic extract and S-allylcysteine observed more attention, is reduced in in-vivo AGEPs. Although, experimental studies demonstrated a clear hypoglycemic effect of garlic, the effect of garlic on human blood glucose is still not clear. Many studies showed that garlic could reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic animals. Garlic was effective in the reduction of blood glucose in streptozotocin-as well as alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats and mice. Short term benefits of garlic on dyslipidemia in diabetic patients were shown. Garlic significantly reduced total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and moderately raised HDL cholesterol as compared with placebo in diabetic patients. S-allylcysteine, a bioactive component derived from garlic, restored erectile function in diabetic rats by preventing reactive oxygen species (RDS) formation through modulation of NADPH oxidase subunit expression. Metformin and garlic treatment in diabetic patients for 12 weeks reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG), but the percentage of change in FBG was more substantial with metformin supplemented with garlic than with metformin alone. Chronic feeding of garlic extracts showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels. However, some other studies showed no change in blood glucose levels in humans. Therefore, the role of garlic in diabetic patients needs to be further investigated. The beneficial effect of garlic on diabetes mellitus is mainly attributed to the presence of volatile sulfur compounds, such as allicin, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, diallyl sulfide, S-allyl cysteine, ajone, and allyl mercaptan. Garlic extracts have been reported to be effective in reducing insulin resistance.

Maniklal Pati

Assistant Professor, Dept of Botany, Egra SSB College, Egra Purba Medinipur,West Bengal

Keywords:

Suaeda maritima; triterpenoids; HPTLC

Suaeda maritima is a herbaceous, succulent, annual salt marsh growing along the different regions in the coastal belt of West Bengal. This plant species is generally found to grow along the coastal belts of Indian subcontinent as well as other tropical and subtropical regions, usually between 25N and 25S latitude throughout the world and growing preferably in salt-marshes of the sea coast This annual salt marsh is one of the dominant mangrove associates in the said coastal belt and quite regularly used by the local people for food and pharmaceutical aspect. This species contains several different phytochemical compounds like triterpenoid , Sterols ,Alkaloids, Acids, Glycosides ,Proteins and amino acids. Among them pentacyclic triterpenoids are pharmacologically drawn more attention to the researcher. Triterpenoid content appears to be positively correlated with reduced symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and decreased risk of thrombotic stroke and exhibits cardio-protective activities as well as anti-inflammatory and anti- oxidant properties.  The health benefits of dietary triterpenoids, a group of plant secondary metabolites, are a more recent discovery. Research also suggests a positive association between reduced reported incidences of coronary heart disease with consumption of triterpenoids found in natural resinous materials and plants. For estimation and quantitation of triterpenoid compounds in S. maritima collected from different regions of the coastal belt of West Bengal and normal phase high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been used for estimation. The present study has furnished an account of showing the amount of triterpenoid compounds in the plant individuals of the studied species of different places of said coastal belt, revealed through the HPTLC study.

Dr. Dipak K. Hazra

Dept. of Physics, Egra SSB College Egra, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
Mail ID: dipakkhazra@gmail.com

Intermolecular interactions, especially hydrogen bonds, have been a topic of wide scientific interest due to their role in crystal engineering and biological recognition processes. Many of the synthons identified so far in supramolecular chemistry involve N–H/N, N–H/O, O–H/N and O–H/O hydrogen bonds, which provide the requisite robustness and reproducibility to create new solid-state structures. Systematic studies on the nature of hydrogen bonds and intermolecular interactions lie at the heart of directed self-assembly. From the very strong negatively-charged hydrogen bonds and metal–heteroatom coordination bonds to strong and weak hydrogen bonds and inter heteroatom interactions span an energy range of 50 kcal/mol. In addition to these relatively strong hydrogen bonds, weak interactions such as C–H/…acceptor (O, N) are also important in describing the self assembly process. In this context, the chlorine atom with its low electro negativity has been labelled as a weak acceptor, and its acceptor potential usually overlooked. While the weak O–H/Cl and N–H/Cl interactions are considered as hydrogen bonds, the nature of even weaker C–H/Cl interactions is not yet fully understood. The potential development of crystal engineering as robust and recurring hydrogen bond patterns offers good opportunity for the design and construction of supramolecular architectures, notably the pharmaceutical compounds are wide range of interest for a variety of physical and chemical purposes.

Sanjib Saha¹*, Biswarup Basu² and Gadadhar Dash³

¹Professor in Zoology, Vidyasagar College for Women (University of Calcutta), Kolkata , W.B, India
²Senior Scientific Officer-II, Department of Neuroendocrinology & Experimental Haematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Gove. Of India, Kolkata, W.B. .India.
³Professor, Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of , WBUAFS, Kolkata, W.B, India
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: zoomscsaha@gmail.com

Keywords:

Fishermen, Climatic change, occupational hazards, West Bengal

Fishing is one of the fastest-growing and employment-generating sectors in India. Approximately four lakh fishermen directly and six lakhs indirectly engage and depend on this industry in West Bengal. Inland and marine fishing have an important role in the socio-biology-economic development not only in India but also in West Bengal. Fishing is the riskiest and health-hazardous occupation that involves physical hazards, chemical hazards, and biological hazards. According to ILO, nearly 24000 fishermen or fishery industry people are killed every year globally due to their occupational hazards. National Policy on Climate Change in 2009, referred to “any change in climate over time that directly and indirectly affects humans and their activities as well as natural systems and processes”. According to Global Climate Risk Index, 2019 India obtained 7th position in World. Climate change has short-term as well as long-term impacts on Physico-chemical parameters of waterbodies due to alteration of their salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TDS, temperature, nitrogen compounds, and the emergence of a new variety of pathogens. Such pathogens invade as opportunistic pathogens directly or are transmitted through zoonotic infection (e.g. Vibrio sp.) and create diseases frequently by their toxic genes.  These long- or short-term climatic changes may be predictable or unpredictable and predictable climatic changes include cyclones, sea level rise, acidification, etc. Other hand unpredictable climatic changes are changing water current, Strome etc. As a result, fisherfolk are most vulnerable all types of impacts (short/long) of these climate changes (predictable/unpredictable). These climatic impacts and environmental crises also reduce the resilience of fishermen and threat to human health, well-being, and livelihoods. In India, the fishery is the oldest as well as important livelihood for the people of coastal areas and such occupation is totally dependent upon the climatic conditions. So, the consequences of climate change are directly or indirectly affecting fishermen and fishermen facing a lot of multi-dimensional (socio-economic, socio-biology, socio-environmental) problems. The paper discusses the climatic change and its impact on the occupational health of fishermen especially in West Bengal.

Dipanjan Ray^1*, Sulagna Chandra²

¹Department of Zoology, Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya
²Assistant Professor, Kadambini Women’s College of Education
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: dipanjan2010@gmail.com

Keywords:

Bioactive component, marine fish skin, hypertension, Reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial peptides, anticancer

By-product is regarded as an ordinary unsaleable product but can be used after processing. Marine finfishes processing generates 10–50% of the total weight as non-edible parts, which includes fish frame, head, internal organ, skin, bone, and scales. Researcher are isolate and identified various bioactive components from these fish by-product. Skin of marine fish rich in gelatine, collagen, protein, lipid, and flavour. Collagen is a most abundant protein in skin and Gelatin is produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen. Different bioactive compound from marine fish skin is derived by variety of extraction method like acid-alkaline hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) from collagen used as a drug carrier, treatment of osteoarthritis pain, hypertension and act as inhibitor of angiogenic disease. Gelatine and collagen derived peptides having anti angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, ACE convert angiotensin I into Angiotensin II which is a potent vasoconstrictor that causes blood vessels to narrow resulting in increased blood pressure. ACE inhibitor activity peptides purified from skin of the fishes like Raja clavata, Gadus chalcogrammus, Gadus macrocephalus etc. Antioxidant activities which reduce Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also found in skin of fishes like Hemiramphus far, Gadus chalcogrammus, Otolithes ruber, Raja clavata, Megalaspis cordyla, Johnius belengerii, Lates calcarifer, Navodon septentrionalis etc. ROS are usually generating during oxidative metabolism at mitochondria and peroxisome. Excess of ROS can damage cellular lipids, protein, DNA, inhibit normal cellular functions and induced lipid peroxidation which plays a critical role in cell death. Gelatin contains hydrophobic amino acids and a range of peptides with potent lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity as well as having high emulsifying ability for hydrophilic-hydrophobic partitioning and powerful antioxidant activities that are capable of scavenging 61%-69% of hydroxyl radicals. Gelatin also used in capsules for controlled drug delivery system. Further, antimicrobial activity is found in Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus albacares, Pleuronectes americanus etc. their skin possesses antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which are involve in natural defense mechanism. Skin Peptides Raja kenojei, Oncorhynchus keta exert as Anti-Alzheimer’s and neuroprotective activity. The activity of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or matrixins are thought to play a central role in the breakdown of extracellular matrix also inhibited by skin derived peptides of Gadus chalcogrammus and Pangasius hypophthalmus. Skin of Hippoglossus stenolepis very potent against hyperglycemia. Subcritical water-hydrolyzed fish collagen peptide (SWFCP) derived from tuna skin having adipogenic regulatory activity. Recently anti-photoaging activity also found in peptide LMWCP purified from catfish skin (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Recently a study investigates crude skin extract from marine catfish Tachysurus dussumieri having anticancer activity on human colon cancer cell line. So, fish skin can potentially be utilized in the development of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products due to presence of rich bioactive compound.

Poulami Adhikary Mukherjee^1*, Ranajit Kumar Khalua² and Rita Mondal³

^*1Assistant Professor, Head of Department of Zoology, Narajole Raj College, Paschim Medinipur, WB, India.
²Vice Principal, Narajole Raj College, Paschim Medinipur, WB, India;
³SACT, Department of Nutrition, Mahishadal Raj College, Purba Medinipur, WB, India.
*Corresponding author
Mail Id: poulamiadhikary@gmail.com

Keywords:

Plant secondary metabolites, Phytochemicals, bioactive chemical compounds, functional additives, animal health and welfare

Plant secondary metabolites, which include a wide variety of phytochemicals, have always been constituents of the diets of man and other animals. Phytochemicals are natural bioactive chemical compounds in plants with different biological properties and therapeutic benefits. Recent studies show that various plant phytochemicals not only act as functional additives by improving animal health and growth performance, but also, enhance their productivity when incorporated into animal feed. Additionally, the inclusion of phytochemicals in the diets of animals alters and stabilizes the intestinal microbiota, thus reducing the microbial toxic metabolites in the gut, owing to their direct antimicrobial properties on various pathogenic bacteria, which results in relief from intestinal challenge and immune stress. However, phytochemicals have been shown to have adverse effects on animals when ingested. The effects depend to a great extent on the chemistry of the compounds, their concentration in the diet and the amount consumed by the animals, and are further dependent on the health status of the animals. Traditionally, most studies of the effects of these compounds on animals have focused on their adverse effects and how to alleviate them. However, recent public concern about the use of synthetic compounds in animal diets to enhance performance and health and welfare issues, coupled with changes in regulations on the use of synthetic medicaments, has stimulated interest and research in the use and effects of phytochemicals in the diets of farmed animals. Phytochemicals vary in their chemistry but can be divided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds, of which a wide variety of polyphenolic and terpenoid compounds, as well as alkaloids, carbohydrates and non-protein amino acids, invoke special interest due to lack documentation, research and standardization. In this study, the biochemistry and mechanisms of action of these compounds in plants and their effects in animals when ingested are investigated.

Sneha Kumar Bharati & S.N.P Yadav

P.G Department of zoology, Magadh University, Bodh-Gaya, Bihar, India

Keywords:

Odonata, Gaya, Vegetation, Land transformation, Conservation

This study examines the differential impacts of land transformation in urban and rural agricultural areas on Odonata assemblages in the Gaya region. The transformation of farming land poses an issue to the biodiversity of the Gaya region. The region in concern portrays an identifiable prevalence of endemic species within certain taxa, such as Odonata. These insects exhibit a high degree of sensitivity towards variations in the physical structure of their habitat, rendering them efficacious as bioindicators. The present study was conducted to examine the impact of transformations of agricultural land in rural and urban areas on the diversity and composition of Odonata species in the region. Two different land use type were identified and classified based on their land use as either rural agricultural or urban agricultural. Throughout the year, adult odonata and four distinct environmental variables were documented. The composition of Odonata assemblage was significantly impacted by land transformation, however, it did not consistently result in a significant reduction in species richness. The composition of Odonata assemblage and species richness were both negatively impacted by the average height of vegetation. The Odonata assemblages in rural agricultural land use exhibited variations in comparison to those observed in urban agricultural land regions. The utilisation of urban agricultural land has resulted in decreased opportunities for certain species, while simultaneously facilitating the survival and establishment of more prevalent, adaptable species. The establishment of this area is crucial for the conservation of various taxa, especially in a region with an amount of endemic species, as it helps to alleviate the negative impacts of land transformation.

Anindya Pattanayak¹, Priti R Pahari² & S.N.P Yadav³

¹Department of Zoology, Sabang SK Mahavidyalaya, Lutunia, Paschim Medinipur, W.B, India
²P.G Department of Zoology, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Tamluk, Purba Medinipur, W.B, India
³P.G Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh-Gaya, Bihar, India

Key Words:

Odonata larvae, Pesticide contamination, Keleghai river, Rice field, Indicator

This study examines the differential impacts of land transformation in urban and rural agricultural areas on Odonata assemblages in the Gaya region. The transformation of farming land poses an issue to the biodiversity of the Gaya region. The region in concern portrays an identifiable prevalence of endemic species within certain taxa, such as Odonata. These insects exhibit a high degree of sensitivity towards variations in the physical The study focuses on the use of odonata larvae as an indicator of pesticide contamination in both river and rice field environments. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of odonate larvae in the Keleghi river system. The survey was conducted at six stations, including three midstream stations that were surrounded by rice fields with and using manual sprinkling, and three downstream stations that were located in rice fields with aerial and ground spraying. The downstream stations exhibited a notable reduction in both species diversity and richness. The presence of pesticides resulting from ground spraying was highest at all downstream stations. The observable evidence of harm inflicted upon the odonata larvae was limited to the downstream station. The concentration of insecticides appeared to be significant (p=0.05) for Odonata naiads at the downstream stations. The presence of pesticide contamination in downstream areas of this river may result in limitations for odonata larvae, thereby serving as a potential indicator of pesticide contamination.

Nancy & S.N.P Yadav

P.G Department of zoology, Magadh University, Bodh-Gaya, Bihar, India

Key Words:

Aromatase inhibitors, Histomorphology, Letrozole, Rat sperm, Sperm parameters

The present study was set up to examine the impact of the administration of a selective aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, on the parameters of rat sperm (Rattus norvegicus) and testicular histomorphology. In this study, a cohort of 10 male R. norvegicus, approximately 4 months of age and with an average weight of 165±8.2 g, were randomly assigned to two groups, with each group consisting of 5 rats. The samples underwent a six-week treatment regimen. The initial cohort (C) was administered solely with normal saline, serving as a control group. Groups T, and C were administered doses of 0.75 mg/animal and 1.5 mg/animal of letrozole, respectively. Upon completion of the experiment spanning 42 days, all animals were subjected to euthanasia and samples were procured for further analysis. The study’s findings indicate a notable increase in sperm quality (P-value≤0.05) and a significant reduction in sperm abnormality within the T group when compared to the C group. Furthermore, a noteworthy disparity was observed in terms of enhanced sperm quality and reduced sperm abnormality within the T group in comparison to the C group. The control group exhibited typical somniferous tubules with elevated spermatoscopy counts, as evidenced by histologic sections. Primary and secondary spermatocytes, along with spermatozoa, were observed. The T group exhibited sufficient spermatogenesis accompanied by a dense basement membrane. The findings of the present investigation indicate that letrozole exhibited a positive impact on sperm parameters, without inducing any observable pathological modifications in the testicular tissue.

Arpita Chakraborty¹, Moumita Chakraborty², Ranajit Kumar Khalua³

¹Department of Botany, Narajole Raj College, Narajole, Paschim Medinipur), West Bengal
²Department of Zoology, Khargapur College, Khargapur, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal
³Department of Zoology, Narajole Raj College, Narajole, Paschim Medinipur , West Bengal
Mail ID: arpitascmbotany88@gmail.com

Key Words:

Diabetes, ethnobotanical formulation, orthodox allopathic medicine, mono herbal and poly herbal formulation, herbal practitioners, marker sellers, folklore, ethnobotanical study, documentation, CBD, TKDL, PBR’s

Research has been carried out in different remote villages of Paschim Medinipur and Jhargram district of West Bengal to find out plants traditionally used and transmitted only orally generation after generation mainly by tribal people and other villagers. As diabetes is seen in the district as an epidemic disease among all age group (mainly type-II diabetes), interest has been grown to reveal and document another pathway to prevent the disease apart from the orthodox highly cost allopathic medicine. Type-II diabetes is a metabolic disorder but food habit of the inhabitants and some environmental factors of the area are also responsible for the epidemicity of the disease. Vigorous survey was carried out for last one year to recognize the antidiabetic ethnomedicinal plants used in the said area. 12 medicinal plants belonging to 9 families namely, Gymnema sylvestre(Retz.)R.Br.exSchult.(Apocynaceae), Swietenia mahagoni(L.)Jacq.(Meliaceae), Scoparia dulcis L.(Plantaginaceae), Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.(Apocynaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Ficus hispida L.f.(Moraceae),Tribulus terrestris L.(Zygophyllaceae),Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers ex Hook.f.&Thomson (Menispermaceae), Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.(Fabaceae), Tinospora sinensis(Lour.)Merr.(Menispermaceae),Coccinia cordifolia(L.)Cogn.(Cucurbitaceae), Catharanthus roseus (L.)G.Don (Apocynaceae), Achyranthes aspera L.(Amaranthaceae) are vividly used and effectively tackled the said disease. The scientific name, local name, family of the said plants with the preparation of medicines and method of application were documented properly. The same monoherbal/polyherbal formulations used by different herbal practitioners and market sellers proves the genuinity of ethnomedicinal study.  It can be said confidently and safely that these formulations are not only a matter of folklore but scientific also. Different users’ satisfactory wellness again proves and indicates about the active ingredients present in the monoherbal/ polyherbal formulations. It inspires the researchers to reveal these in future bio-chemical, molecular and in-vitro study and not to confined in ethnobotanical documentation. According to CBD, 1992 the present documentational work will enrich the data in TKDL and also PBR’s.

Priti Ranjan Maiti¹, Sudipta Kumar Ghorai², Amiya Kumar Panda³

¹National Awardee, ‘PARYAVARAN MITRA – 2021
²Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology, Egra SSB College 3 Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University

Key Words:

Vannamei shrimp farming, sustainable development, indigenous biodiversity, salinity infiltration, crop-productivity, food security, socio-economic concerns, ecological integrity, social cohesion

The coastal area of the Bay of Bengal of Contai sub-division under Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal was rich in various agricultural and aquatic productions of great environmental significance. But to meet the needs of developed countries and for quick economic benefit, the salt flats, mangrove areas, wetlands and mainly cultivable lands in coastal areas are being converted into shrimp farms for the last almost three decades. Due to shrimp farming, salt from the ponds can easily leach into groundwater and agricultural lands. This has long-lasting effects by altering the hydrology that provides the foundation of wetland ecosystems. Unregulated vannamei shrimp farming is associated with several negative environmental and social impacts that hinder the sustainable development of this prospering sector. This farming has had a devastating impact on indigenous biodiversity. This includes deterioration of soil and water quality, lessening of mangrove forests, and reduction in populations of native fish and shellfish species among others. Loss of mangroves has destabilized coastal areas; with negative impacts on coastal communities. Damage of soil quality due to salinity infiltration raises thousands of questions about the future crop- productivity and food security of the area. Now income in this farming is not like before. There have also been some socio-economic concerns on the livelihood patterns of the local people. At this stage, a more sustainable and integrated approach, different from current unscientific shrimp farming practices, is needed, which is responsible for ecological integrity and social cohesion.

Manomita Pradhan¹ and Debajyoti Pradhan²

¹Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal
²Egra Sarada Shashi Bhusan College, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal
Mail ID: manorima10@gmail.com

Key Words:

Costus igneus, diabetes, quercetin, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, glucose homeostasis

Costus igneus, a member of the family Costaceae, is a newly introduced plant in India from South and Central America. The common term “insulin plant” comes from the fact that it often grows as an ornamental plant in southern India and whose leaves are used as herbal remedies for diabetes. The leaves of C. igneus are rich in protein, iron, and antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotene, terpinoids, steroids and flavonoids. The bioactive compounds quercetin and diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, were isolated from C. igneus rhizomes. Quercetin is a flavonoid that exhibits antidiabetic effects. Other flavonoids, such as astragalin, kaempferol, isovitexin and naringenin, demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies found that the methanolic extract markedly reduced serum glucose levels and increased liver glycogen, demonstrating its antidiabetic efficacy. Additionally, it revealed an improvement in the lipid profile and a rise in plasma insulin level, indicating it is effective in treating hyperglycemia brought on by diabetes mellitus. It has a regulatory role in glucose homeostasis through muscarinic receptors. The existence of medicinally valuable reducing sugars in the leaf extract of C. igneus is revealed as a result of the synergistic effects of bioactive compounds. Glycemic control in diabetics was achieved in a cross-sectional clinical study when patients consumed either one fresh leaf or one teaspoon of shade-dried powder of C. igneus daily in addition to other modalities of treatment. Diabetes-induced hyperlipidemia was found to be reversed when methanolic and aqueous extracts were administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. The goal of this review is to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of Costus igneus with regard to its glycemic profile so that appropriate formulations can be developed for human use in the future.

Jhumpa Majhi , Sudipta Kr Ghorai¹*

Coastal Ecology research laboratory, Egra S. S. B. College, West Bengal
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: nanojhumpam96@gmail.com

Key Words:

Costus igneus, diabetes, quercetin, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, glucose homeostasis

Nemerteans are a phylum of marine invertebrates that possess an array of fascinating biological properties, including the production of potent toxins. Proboscis of nemertean containing several types of toxins such as pyridine alkaloids, tetrodotoxin and cytolytic or neurotoxic peptides. Nemertean toxins have attracted considerable interest due to their diverse chemical structures and remarkable biological activities. These toxins are known to exhibit cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and haemolytic effects, among others. They typically function as defensive mechanisms, aiding the Nemerteans in capturing prey and deterring potential predators. These toxins possess unique pharmacological properties that make them promising candidates for drug development. For example, certain nemertean toxins have shown potential as anticancer agents by selectively targeting cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. Other toxins exhibit antimicrobial activity, which could be utilized in the development of novel antibiotics to combat drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, nemertean toxins have demonstrated interesting effects on cellular signalling pathways, ion channels, and receptors. This opens up possibilities for their use in drug discovery and the development of therapeutics that target specific biological pathways associated with various diseases, such as neurological disorders. However, harnessing nemertean toxins for pharmaceutical purposes poses challenges. Extracting these toxins in sufficient quantities, understanding their complex mechanisms of action, and ensuring their safety and efficacy are areas that require further exploration and research.

Amalendu Giri ^{1, 2},  Biplab Mandal ² ,  Sudipta Kumar Ghorai ¹

¹Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College
²Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University
Mail ID: amalendugiri675@gmail.com

Key Words:

Marine Nematodes, Conilia sinensis, Spicules, Terminal setae, Gubernaculum

A new species of free living marine nematode belonging to the Sub-order Enoplina is identified from the estuary of Subarnarekha River. Conilia minor sp. n. is specified by elongated and slender body with blunt cephalic end and conical caudal end, developed lip, cup shaped buccal cavity with three big teeth, wide band like constriction differentiate the head from whole body, peri-buccal swelling of pharyngeal tissue surrounding the buccal cavity, obliquely striated  single long spicule, spatulated gubernaculum covering the dorsal side of spicule, and funnel shaped paired telamons with two hook like projections, obviously bent to ventral  side of male tail and glandular pre-cloacal supplement appear as bump.
This species is different from its closely related species, Conilia sinensis by small measurement of whole body and other organs and by the presence of  funnel shaped  proximal end of spicule and telamon, curve spatulate shaped gubernaculum, terminal setae on tail tip.
Also differ from  Conilia monospiculata  by small measurements of whole body and various  organs, presence of striated spicule, spatulated gubernaculum, funnel shaped telamons , one pair short terminal setae, pre-cloacal supplement, obviously bent to ventral side of male tail, absence of amphid.
Conilia minor sp. n. is distinguished from Conilia divina  by short measurement of whole body and various organs length, presence of single pre-cloacal supplement, terminal setae, developed lip, obviously bent to ventral side of male tail.

Sujit Das, Sudipta Kr. Ghorai*

Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College
*Corresponding author

Key Words:

Parasitic nematode, Nematicides, Secondary metabolites, mangrove

Parasitic nematodes pose a significant threat to agriculture, causing substantial yield losses and economic damage worldwide. Traditional control methods, such as chemical nematicides, have limitations due to their harmful effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives for nematode management. Mangroves are unique coastal ecosystems that harbour a diverse range of plant species known for their chemical complexity and biological activities. Secondary metabolites produced by mangrove plants have exhibited a wide array of bioactive properties, including antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities. These metabolites have the potential to interfere with nematode physiology and disrupt their lifecycle, providing a natural solution for nematode control. The extraction and isolation of secondary metabolites from mangroves require careful optimization to ensure maximum yield and purity. Furthermore, their application methods need to be refined to enhance their efficiency and stability in soil environments. The use of secondary metabolites from mangroves for nematode control offers several advantages over conventional chemical nematicides, including their biodegradability, low toxicity to non-target organisms, and potential for sustainable production. However, challenges such as cost-effectiveness, scalability, and regulatory approval need to be addressed for their successful implementation in agricultural systems.

Sourav Bar, Sudipta Kr. Ghorai*

Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College
*Corresponding author

Key Words:

Cephalopods, Bioactive compounds, Cephalotoxin, Tetradotoxin, Cyanophycin, Spermidine, DOPA

Cephalopods are a group of marine animals that includes squids, octopuses and cuttlefish. They have been traditionally used as food and they are now being studied for their potential as source of bioactive compounds. Cephalopods are known to contain a wide range of bioactive compounds including protein, peptides, lipids and carbohydrates. These compounds have various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and antiviral properties. Example of bioactive compound found in cephalopods is Cephalotoxin,  has antitumor activity by inducing cell death in cancer cells, Tetradotoxin has analgesic properties and is being studied for its potential use as a painkiller . Cyanophycin is a bioactive compound found in the ink sacs of cephalopods. It is a biodegradable polymer composed of aspartic acid and arginine residues. Cyanophycin has potential applications in drug delivery system and tissue engineering. Spermidine is a polyamine that has been identified in various cephalopods. It plays a role in cell growth, proliferation and aging. DOPA (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine) is a bioactive compound found in the ink of certain cephalopods. It is involved in the chemical defense mechanism of these animals. DOPA has adhesive properties and has been studied for its potential applications in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Cephalopods are a promising source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential. These compounds have been shown to have various pharmacological activities and can be used to develop new drug to treat disease such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and viral infections.

Soumik Dhara^1,2,  Biplab Mandal ², Sudipta Kr Ghorai ^1*

¹Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra S S B College,West Bengal
²Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: soumikdhara0214@gmail.com

Key Words:

Nemertea, Proboscis, Stylet, Phylogeny, Subarnarekha Estuary

Nemerteans, commonly known as ribbon worms or proboscis worms are a diverse group of marine invertebrates known for their elongated bodies and impressive regenerative abilities. In this study, we report the discovery of a new monostiliferous nemertean species Zygonemertes odishi sp. nov. and present a comprehensive analysis of its morphology, behavior, and phylogenetic position. The newly discovered nemertean ,was collected from muddy flat of Subarnarekha estuary, Odisha  during a research expedition  through meticulous sampling and careful observation . Detailed morphological examination revealed unique features, including “epidermal hook absent,apical organ present, 10 proboscis nerves,anterior pouch of the intestine don’t reach the brain,posterior end of the stylet is lobed, transverse or oblique furrow is absent, ratio of central stylet length to basis length is 0.13-0.18 )  sanctioned the species to be encompassed in the genus Zygonemertes’’.To elucidate the phylogenetic position of the species, molecular analyses were performed using DNA sequencing techniques. Phylogenetic reconstructions, placed the species within a distinct clade of monostiliferous nemerteans. This study underscores the importance of continuous exploration and documentation of marine biodiversity, emphasizing the potential for novel discoveries even within well-studied taxa. The newfound monostiliferous nemertean serves as a testament to the incredible complexity and diversity of marine ecosystems, captivating researchers and stimulating further inquiries into the hidden wonders of the underwater world.”

Partha pratim Dey¹, Sudipta kumar Ghorai² , Goutam Ghosh³

¹Research scholar, Department of Zoology, Midnapore college (Autonomus)
²Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, Egra S.S.B. college
³Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, Midnapore college (Autonomus)

Key Words:

Nemertea , taxonomy, DNA barcoding, COI gene

The coastal belt of Bay of Bengal is diversified by many benthic fauna. The new heteronemertean is described based on material collected inter tidally at a sandy muddy beach in Subarnarekha estuary, Orissa, India. Many nemertean fauna found muddy beach, one new heteronemertean genus is described based on their morphological characters and molecular characterization. Ninety heteronemertean genus under lineidae family was described previously. Bengalaura genus nov. is morphologically difference from all the congeners by the following combination of characters: outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layer in proboscis. Rhynchocoel wall circular muscle interwoven with body wall musculature. Dermal gland cells separated from body wall outer longitudinal muscle layer by distinct connective tissue stratum. The foregut splanchonic musculature circular and longitudinal. Neurochord cell is absent. Horizontal cephalic slits are lacking. Eyes are absent. Caudal cirrus present. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial cytocrome C oxidase subunit I (COI ) among heteronemerteans suggest that Bengalaura belongs to new genus under lineidae family.

Saptaparna Bera¹ and Suvabrata khtua²

¹B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage. ²Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College
Mail ID: saptaparnaricky42000@gmail.com

Key Words:

Antlion, Myemeleontidae, larvae, toxin, medicinal use, GroEL, Chaperonin

The antlion are a group of about 2,000 species of insect in the Neuropteran family myemeleontidae. They are known for the predatory habits of their larvae, which predates on Ants and other prey. Antlion larvae snare ants by making conical pits in loose sand, An unwary ant or other insect slip down the treacherous slop , to be met by a partially buried antlion larvae that is eager and ready to suck it dry. To ensure that the prey does not escape, the antlion inject it with a paralizing neurotoxin.
Present study focused on the medicinal uses of  chemical compounds that present on Antlion toxin , like GroEL- helps to reduse blood glucose, Chaperonin- helps to relief from pain in eyes, headache and helps in increase memory,4-Hydroxyquinoline-implicated in infection and autoimmune disease and 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-hydroxyioindoline-1-Use in antimicrobial activity.

Sagnik Kumar Bera, Sandip Pradhan

^{B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage
Mail ID: sp702912@gmail.com}

Key Words:

Bioactive molecule, Seaweed, Skin care

Bioactive molecules are compounds that have specific biological activity and are found naturally in various sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. Many of these molecules have been identified and used in the skincare industry due to their unique properties that provide numerous benefits to the skin. Some of the widely used bioactive compound in skincare includes Retnoides, Vitamin C, Hyaluronic Acid , Alguronic acid , Fucoxanthin , etc.  Currently, many synthetic chemicals have been used in cosmetic products. For example, chemicals like hydroquinone, arbutin, and kojic acid are being used as a skin whitening agent, but they are reported to be unstable and they also cause dermatitis and induce cancer. Due to this , in recent years, the demand for cosmetic products that containing natural ingredients is rapidly expanding. From this perspective, the marine environment provides numerous marine organisms, including seaweeds with potential bioactive compounds. Seaweed, also known as marine macroalgae, is a type of aquatic plant that grows in the ocean, rivers, and other bodies of water. Seaweeds come in many different forms, from tiny single-celled organisms to large, complex plants that can reach lengths of over 50 meters. Seaweed is a rich source of bioactive compounds that have been found to provide numerous benefits for the skin. These compounds include alguronic acid, fucoidan, carrageenan, fucoxanthin, and polyphenols, which have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties. Seaweed extracts are increasingly being used in the skincare industry as they have been shown to nourish and rejuvenate the skin, promote collagen production, and improve skin texture. In addition, seaweed extracts are often used in cosmetic formulations to enhance product stability and provide a natural source of color. The use of seaweed bioactive compounds in skincare products is also environmentally sustainable, as seaweed is a renewable resource that can be harvested without damaging the ecosystem. In conclusion, the use of seaweed bioactive compounds in skincare products offers a promising and effective approach to achieving healthy, glowing skin while also promoting sustainability.

Deep Sankar Chini¹, Niladri Mondal^1,2, Bidhan Chandra Patra¹

¹Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore- 721102, West Bengal, India
²Department of Biology, Katholic University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium

Key Words:

Marine fish, Fish by-products, Bioactive molecules, Human health

Marine fishes have always a positive impact on human health due to the rich source of easily digestible animal protein as well as other micronutrients (vitamins A, D, E, B_3, and B₆; minerals like calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, and selenium) and essential fatty acids. But recent advancements in research it is established that marine fishes can provide several molecules that help to prevent human disease and are also a potential candidate in a therapeutic role. The bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysate are found in Sardina pilchardus and Merluccius productus respectively which have antihypertensive activity (by inhibition of angiotensin-I) and antioxidative role. The molecules from by-products of marine fishes like Salmo salar (Skin: collagen hydrolysate), Oncorhynchus keta (Skin: oligopeptides), Rastrelliger kanagurta (bone: bioactive peptides), Oncorhynchus mykiss (viscera: protein hydrolysate) and Lutjanus campechanus (viscera: protease) have the potential function as an antioxidant, antihypertensive, protein recovery, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antimicrobial and protolithic agent. Marine fishes like sardine, anchovy, halibut, mackerel, and salmon are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids which help to prevent coronary, cardiac, arthritis, diabetes, and other inflammatory diseases. These fatty acids also help in brain and other neural developments. It has also a crucial role in cancer prevention. So we believe that the use of marine fish-derived bioactive molecules in the human diet will be beneficial to human health and disease prevention. The development of new techniques for the extraction of these molecules is also beneficial to medical industries and economy.

Ranit Giri

B.Sc. Sem – VI, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage. Mail ID – ranitgiri2002@gmail.com

Key Words:

Cnidaria, Collagen, peptide, jelly fish, cancer cells, biomedical

Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskal, 1775) is marine aquatic invertebrate belongs to phylum Cnidaria. Traditional Chinese medicine utilized jelly fish as a treatment of bronchitis, high blood pressure, asthma, tracheitis and gastric ulcers. Hydrolyzed Collagen, collagen and low molecular weight compounds are used as antioxidant activity, protective effects on skin UV damage, immunostimulatory effect. Several jelly fish venoms are used to prevent cancer. Different types peptides of jelly fish are used as antimicrobial compound. Collagen from jelly fish is similar to mammalian collagen type I. The bioactive molecules from jelly fish collagen is used in modern biotechnology. Collagen use in biomedical sector like immunostimulatory, Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis therapy, cosmetic surgery, bone grafts, tissue regeneration, reconstructive surgery, drug delivery and wound care. On others side collagen also use in food/food industry like gelatin, thickeners, dietary supplements, and functional food. The bioactive peptides of jelly fish used in antimicrobial activity. The peptides are small protein fragments (3-20 amino acid residues) providing several health benefits, they are lipid lowering and high fischer ratio, use in liver disease treatment. The species C.andromeda have antioxidant activity, oral arms rich in proteins and phenols, anti proliferative activity on cancer cells. Jelly fish can be regarded as a novel source of active natural compound for current and future applications in biomedical and nutraceutical studies.

Moumita Patra,   Sampa Jana

B.Sc. Sem – I, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage Email ID: – patramoumita956@gmail.com

Key Words:

Herbal cigarettes, Antitumor property , Alternative cigarettes

Herbal cigarettes known as tobacco free or nicotine-free cigarettes are those recognized as being-tobacco free, being composed of a mixture of various herbs claimed to lessen the smoking habit hazards. However, controversial data regarding its properties occur in the literature with no comprehensive overview or analysis of its effects.
Like herbal smokeless  tobacco, they are often used to substitute for tobacco products (primarily cigarettes) regarded as a “non-smoking” aid .This review capitalizes on herbal cigarettes with regard to their quality characteristics sensory attributes, chemical composition, and health properties to rationalize their choice as a non-smoking aid. Some herbal smokes may produce notable metabolic problems that increase the risk of several chronic metabolic diseases. In general variety negative effects on the body attributed to toxic chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nitrosamines etc.
Herbal or organic cigarettes are paper rolls comprising herbs such as basil lemon-grass, spearmint leaves, rose petals, green tea and the like. These herbs are blended in different proportions to change flavours. They do not contain nicotine or tobacco. Benefits of smoking herbal are safe for passive smokers; tobacco and nicotine free cigarettes natural quit smoking products, rejuvenates the body and mind instant; bonus benefits for singers and seakers : Improves lung function; fights bad breath and not foul small.

Atanu sahoo¹, Sudipta kuma Ghorai^2*

¹M.Sc. Sem – IV, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage ²*Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College
*Corresponding author

Key Words:

Octopus (Octopus vulgaris), Anti-proliferative effect, Cytokine modulation, Colorrectal cancer, Ink

Marine food products cephalopods may be source as bioactive compounds providing health benefits (cancer treatment). This study aimed that anti mutagenic, anti-proliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory & pro-apoptotic effects from ink in cephalopods extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane & distilled water) on human cancer cell lines using colorectal & breast cancer (HT- 29/ HCT116 & MDA-MB 231,respectively ).The water extract exhibited the highest anti mutagenic effect. Among DM fractions (F₁/F₂/F₃), DM-F₂ showed that highest anti proliferative effect (LC₅₀ = 52.64), inducing pro apoptotic morphological disruption in HCT116 cell, reactive species modulation, early-apoptosis induction (42.9%) and nuclei disruption in cells. DM-F₂ also showed the lowest nitrites reduction and up-regulation of key-cytokines from the JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and IL- 17 pathways. Compared to control, DM-F2 increased IL-4 and decreased NF-κB fluorometric expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).In silico analysis predicted high OPC affinity with Cyclin D1 (−6.70 kcal/ mol ), suggesting its potential impact on cell cycle arrest. These compounds also exhibited high in silico binding affinity (− 4.6 to − 5.8 kcal/mol) to IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-2. These results highlight the antimutagenic and anti proliferative potential health benefits derived from underutilized marine food products such as ink. Further investigations at in vitro or in vivo levels are required to elucidate mechanisms and health benefits from ink.

Mousumi Mandal^1* and Debajyoti Pradhan²

¹Student of M.Sc. 2nd Semester, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal
²Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Egra SSB College, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: mandalmousumi139@gmail.com

Key Words:

Trigonella foenum-graecum, phytochemicals, antidiabetic properties, antimicrobial compound, oxidative stress, antioxidant properties

The extensive use of medicinal plants in traditional cultures globally has enhanced the incorporation of phytochemicals into contemporary products for disease treatment and health benefits. Trigonella foenum-graecum (methi) is used as a food condiment as well as for its multiple therapeutic characteristics since ancient times due to its diverse nature of phytoconstituents such as steroids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, gingerol, cumarin, lipids & vitamins. T. foenum-graecum is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Insulinotrophic and antidiabetic properties have been associated with the acid 4-hydroxyisoleusine that occurs in it at a concentration of about 0.55%. Fenugreek seeds have been linked to a possible protective effect against 7,12-DMBA-induced breast cancer. Nicotinic acid and other anti-microbial compounds found in the seeds help to treat scalp infections and dandruff. Fenugreek seeds, due to their high antioxidant content, can help prevent hair loss and damage. Fibre-rich seeds may lower appetite and make you feel satiated faster, both of which can aid in preventing overeating and facilitating weight loss. It also has antimicrobial activity and is effective against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Supplementing nursing mothers with fenugreek seed extract has been shown to improve milk production. A number of studies have shown that T. foenum-graecum can help lower oxidative stress and reduce free radical generation. Recent research suggests that T. foenum-graecum can boost both testosterone and sperm count in men. These days, very few of us know about fenugreek’s many uses and advantages in our daily lives. Scientists and researchers are still hard at work uncovering fenugreek’s untapped potential and plethora of positive effects. This study addresses the traditional and pharmacological uses of fenugreek and summarises its physical, chemical, and bioactive components that have been identified for medical use.

Purnima Dash

B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage
Mail ID – purnimadash1234@gmail.com

Key Words:

Deep-sea-derived fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus.  Indole alkaloids, steroids, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity. Aspergillus flavipes, Cytotoxic indole alkaloids, Polgketides

Marine-derived micro-organisms are widely distributed in the marine ecosystem .Marine fungi are known to be rich sources of biologically active compounds for medicinal and agricultural applications. Indole alkaloids have attracted a great deal of attention due to their diversified structures and potent biological activities, such as cytotoxicity anti-feedant and anti-micro-bial activities.
Two new alkaloids, fumigatosides E(1) and F(2) a new natural product,3,7-diketo-cephalosporin P₁ (6) along with five known compound (3, 4, 5, 7, 8) were isolated from deep –sea-derived fungal Aspergillus fumigatus.
Bioactivity – guided isolation of the marine deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus flavipas. Lad to the characterization of four indole alkaloids (compounds 1-4) four polyketides (compounds 5-8) such as two new indoles , flavonoids A(1) and B(2) with a C-6 reversed prenylation ,and a new azaphilone , flaviazaphilone A(5). Their chemical structures have been unambiguously established by spectro seopic data.
Since thyroid cancer is one of the leading cancers worldwide chemotherapy is currently needed .Compound 1 showed strong activity against human thyroid cancer cells CAL-62(96.16%), with an LC₅₀ value, indicating that it may possess certain potential for the development of antitumor lead compounds.
1. Antimicrobial compounds from the marine derived fungus Penicillium sp.
2. Alkaloids from the sponge – associated fungus Aspergillus sp.
3. Cytotoxic secondary metabolites isolated from the marine alge – associated fungus Penicilloum chysogenum.
4. Prenylated indole alkaloids isolated from a marine derived fungus Aspergillus sp.

Swagata Shee Jana

M.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage

Key Words:

Medicinal plants, Thymoquinone, Nigella sativa, pharmacological, Immunomodulator, phytochemical

Herbal medicine has attracted great attention in the recent years and it increasing day by day. Several lines of evidence support the positive impact of medicinal plants and their uses in prevention and cure of various types of   diseases. Thymoquinone is the most abundant constituent of the volatile oil of Nigella sativa seeds. The pharmacological property of Thymoquinone is antimicrobial, antioxidants effects, immune modulator anticancer activities etc. Thymoquinone are shown to support brain health, liver function, joint function, cardiovascular health, hair and skin health and much more. In addition, a data shows that Thymoquinone has very low adverse effect and no serious toxicities.
More recently, a great deal of attention has been given to this phytochemical with an increasing interest to investigate in clinical researches for its health benefits. Thymoquinone is naturally occurring quinone derivative commonly called black caraway seeds or black cumin. According to some studies, black seeds may help control blood sugar level. The evidence report suggests that thymoquinone should be developed as a noble drug in clinical trials.

Anandita Maity,Dipanwita Panda

B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage Mail ID – maityanandita@gmail.com

Key Words:

Benefits of snake venom, Anti – venom, Snake bite

Snake venoms have components with diverse biological actions that are extensively studied to identify elements that may be useful in biomedical sciences. In the field of autoimmunity and rheumatology, various findings useful for the study of diseases and potential drug development have been reported. The study of disintegrins, proteins that block the action of integrins, has been useful for the development of antiplatelet agents and principles for the development of immunosuppressants, and antineoplastics. Several proteins in snake’s venoms act on the coagulation, activating factors that have allowed the development of tests for the study of coagulation.
Including Russell’s viper venom time , which is useful in the diagnosis of  Antiphospholipid syndrome .Neurotoxins with either pre-or postsynaptic effects have been used to study neurogenic synapses and neuromuscular plaques and the development of analgesics , muscle relaxants and drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, various components act by inhibiting cells and proteins of the immune system , which will allow the development of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs . This review summarizes the usefulness of the components of snake venoms in the fields of autoimmunity and rheumatology, which can save as a basis for diver’s translational research.

Medicinal application of the venom-

• Scientists are also studying and exploring of using snake venom as a potential source of painkilling compounds some examples are cancer pain.

• Medical tests indicate that small dosages of the venom from Malayan pit viper help to dissolve stroke related blood clots and prevent new clots from forming.
• Medicines derived from neurotoxins are used to treat brain, injuries strokes and diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Scientists think that this property of snake’s toxic venom could be used to disrupt the flow the blood to a tumor and thus preventing its growth since the venom toxins act on certain types of cells, hence the healthy cells would not be unaffected.

Sourav Singh¹, Mintu Jana², Biswajit Baidya³ and Dipak Bisai ⁴*

^{1, 2, 3}Research Scholars, Coastal Environmental Studies Research Centre, Egra S.S.B. College
⁴Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Egra S.S.B. College
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: dbisai@gmail.com

Key Words:

Sediment Transport Rate (STR), Bayram’s estimate, Leont’yev estimate, Shoreline development

Long-shore sediment transport propagation by the wave and as well as currents are the major factor of shoreline development. This zone is reached in a highly proactive function for sediment deposition. Sometimes, the presence of a river mouth has enhanced its depositional activities due to its autogenic attachment of it. This paper attempts to measure the depositional relief condition which has been inherent performance of sediment deposition. Talsari estuarine mouth is considered for this work, where laterally spread mouth stretch is dominated as Subarnarekha River delta. The purpose of the estimation is to assess the long-shore transport rate of the beach-forming material during various wave conditions. For the calculation of long-shore sediment transport (LST), programme OMNI, NIOT (National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai) Buoy (BD09) data has been considered, which is installed at 17 degrees 50-minute latitude and 89-degree 12-minute longitude. The wave and tide near the long-shore cross-shelf sediment transport has been assembled for quantification of the LST values. Moreover, the long-shore sediment transport rate is related to the long-shore components of the flux energy, which has propagated by waves at the shore at a particular angle (Q, ranges between 30 – 45 degrees). Considering some effective constant (K), the coefficient has been calculated (ranges from 0.25-0.49), through Bayram’s estimation and Leont’yev’s estimation at cubic meters per hour. The results reveal that the relation of sediment transport rate and deposition is positively correlated on each other.

SwagatSantu SauSantu Sau

Student, Department of Zoology, Egra SSB College

Key Words:

Mangiferin (2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-3,6,7-tetrahydroxyl-9H-xanthen-9-one), Mangifera indica, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-7

Mangiferin (2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-3, 6, 7-tetrahydroxyl-9H-xanthen-9-one) is a phenolic compound. It’s melting temperature is 271°c. Mangiferin first found from Mangifera indica (mango tree).  Mango tree’s leaf, fruit, and its byproducts (peel, seed, and kernel) are the best source of mangiferin. Mangiferin also found from other plants like Folium mangiferae, Gentiana lutea, Phaleria macrocarpa, etc. Mangiferin has antioxidant with tremendous health related properies such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiallergic, anticancer, hypocholesterolomic. Mangiferin plays important role against cancer through the suppression of tumor necrosis factor a-expression, and induction of apoptosis. In the case of neural and breast cancer mangiferin suppress the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-7 and inhibit enzymatic activity, metastatic potential and activation of β-catenin pathway. Lipid peroxidation ccan be blocked by mangiferin capacity. Monocyte macrophage system capacity can be enhanced by mangiferin and shows antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Anita Mitra, Swasti Maity

B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage. Mail ID – anitamitra721452@gmail.com

Key Words:

Medicinal plants, natural products, Ayurveda, cancer, alternative medicine

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although great advancements have been made in the treatment and control of cancer progression, significant sometimes occur during chemotherapy. Natural therapies,such as the use of plant-derived products in cancer treatment, may reduce adverse side effects. Currently, a few plant products are being used to treat cancer. The toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs sometimes creates a significant problem in the treatment of cancer using allopathy of established medicine. Various therapies have been propounded for the treatment of cancer many of which use plant-derived products. There are four classes of plant –derived anticancer agent in the market today, the vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine and vindesine ), the epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide and teniposide), the texanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) and the camptothecin derivatives (canptotecin and irinotican).
The anticancer properties of plant have been recognized for centuries. Isolation of podophyllotoxin and several other compounds (known as lignans) from the common mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) ultimately led to the development of drugs used to treat testicular and small cell lung cancer. The anticancer characteristics of a number of plants are still being actively researched and some have shown promising result. Some plants that have shown promise as anticancer agents are –Tinospora cordifolia, Ziziphus  nummularia,Andrographis  paniculata, Centella asiatica Linn, Curcuma longa Linn.

Tusher Midya, Subhabrata Goswami* and Suhisna Dutta

UG Student, Department of Microbiology, Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous), Panskura.
*Corresponding Author
Mail ID: sgoswami_micro@panskurabanamalicollege.ac.in

Key Words:

Parkinson’s Diseases, Caffeine, Resveratrol, Levodopa, Neuroinflammation

Natural compounds from plants, animals and fungi have auspicious effects against neurodegenerative diseases with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently the second most common neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system causing symptoms such as Bradykinesia, tremors, stiffness, and emotional changes. Although there is no cure, treatments focus on controlling symptoms. PD can affect people of any age with a higher rate in people over 60 years of age. But some types such as juvenile parkinsonism affect teenagers or adults in their twenties. Other factors such as medications, environmental factors, brain damage, and such “Bohemian lifestyle” can stimulate Parkinson’s disease. Bioactive natural compounds such as polyphenols, caffeine, resveratrol, CBD, silibinin, curcumin, EGCG, Levodopa, quercetin etc. are notably identified as therapeutic alternatives of PD through experimental studies. Studies show that caffeine can prevent and treat Parkinson’s disease by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain which helps reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Resveratrol protects dopaminergic neurons and improves motor function in PD while L-dopa is used as a precursor to dopamine, used for over 50 years which is the best medicine to treat the motor symptoms of PD. Natural compounds for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease are still in their early stages despite preclinical/clinical promises. Further research is needed to determine their effectiveness, safety and appropriate dosages. However, biologically active natural compounds have potential as an additional treatment for PD and require further exploration.

Sanatan Murmu¹, Subrata kumar De¹, Yogesh P Bharitkar², Rima Majumdar³, Anirban Ash⁴, Pradip Kumar Kar^3*

¹Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India, 721102
²NPMC Division,Indian Institute of integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001
³Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India, 736101
⁴Department of Zoology, Burdwan University, Burdwan,, West Bengal, India, 713104 *Corresponding author
Mail ID: karpradip@gmail.com

Key Words:

Polygonum barbatum, anthelmintic, Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, scanning electron microscopy, Raillietina spp.

Natural compounds from plants, animals and fungi have auspicious effects against neurodegenerative diseases with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently the second most common neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system causing symptoms such as Bradykinesia, tremors, stiffness, and emotional changes. Although there is no cure, treatments focus on controlling symptoms. PD can affect people of any age with a higher rate in people over 60 years of age. But some types such as juvenile parkinsonism affect teenagers or adults in their twenties. Other factors such as medications, environmental factors, brain damage, and such “Bohemian lifestyle” can stimulate Parkinson’s disease. Bioactive natural compounds such as polyphenols, caffeine, resveratrol, CBD, silibinin, curcumin, EGCG, Levodopa, quercetin etc. are notably identified as therapeutic alternatives of PD through experimental studies. Studies show that caffeine can prevent and treat Parkinson’s disease by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain which helps reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Resveratrol protects dopaminergic neurons and improves motor function in PD while L-dopa is used as a precursor to dopamine, used for over 50 years which is the best medicine to treat the motor symptoms of PD. Natural compounds for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease are still in their early stages despite preclinical/clinical promises. Further research is needed to determine their effectiveness, safety and appropriate dosages. However, biologically active natural compounds have potential as an additional treatment for PD and require further exploration.

Sanchita Nayak (Thripathy), Angsuman Chanda*

Natural and Applied Science Research Centre, Raja N. L. khan Women’s College(Autonomous), Midnapur, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: nayaksanchita87@gmail.com

Key Words:

Diversity, Seasonal abundance, Species richness, Equatibility, Digha

Prawn communities of the coastal habitat of the Digha coast were dominated by family Penaeidae. Seasonal variation in the relative abundance and species diversity of Penaeid prawns was derived from sampling of 3599 individuals representing twenty five species of seven genera. The most abundant species of Penaeid prawn were Parapenaeopsis stylifera coromandolica (14.36%), Metapenaeus lysianassa (13.08%) and Helleropenaeopsis sculptilis (10.16%), Parapenaeopsis stylifera stylifera (8.44%), Penaeus monodon (6.89%), Alcockpenaeopsis unta (6.83%), respectivly. Relative abundance varied seasonally within the species between the seasons. Highest species richness in the Digha was observed in the period of postmonsoon and the lowest in premonsoon, whereas diversity was found to be highest in postmonsoon season and emerged to be influenced by the Equitability of distribution of individuals among the species . Temperature, Salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen influenced both the abundance and the diversity of prawn in the Digha coast. Present study will be helpful to the prawn fishery managers and researchers of the study region.

Soumen Kr. Manik

Research Scholar, Coastal Environmental Studies, Egra S S B College

Key Words:

Diversity, Seasonal abundance, Species richness, Equatibility, Digha

A key component of numerous natural products, 1,4-naphthoquinone is structurally similar to naphthalene and well-known Michael acceptor. Its derivatives has a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-platelet, anti-viral, anti-cancer, apoptosis and human DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitory.
Plumbagin(5-hydroxy-2-methyl 1,4-naphthoquinone) was derived from the root of Plumbago zeylanica (also known as chitrak) and has been utilised in Indian medicine as an antiatherogenic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotectivedrug since 750 BC, during the time of Charaka.
Lapachol was extracted from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. It is anticancer in nature. Deoxylapachol is antifungal and cytotoxic towards p-388 leukaemia cells.
Henna is made from the leaves of the Lawsonia alba plant, which contain the chemical lawsone  ( 2-hydroxy 1,4-naphthoquinone). Used for imparting colour to the hair as well as the skin. The redox properties of carbonyl groups in the formation of 1,4-naphtho-semiquinone and/or 1,4-naphthoquinol are mainly responsible for the biological activity of 1,4-naphthoquinone.
Electrochemical capture of CO_2, by redox cycle of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (BMIMBF₄), reduce the concentration of CO₂.

Chandan Nandi

SACT, Department of Zoology, Egra S.S.B. College

Key Words:

Goat meat, quality, nutritional value, health

Today goats are spread throughout the world. They live in small or large herds and in different areas and environments. Because of its distinctive taste and desired chemical composition, goat meat is increasingly consumed in Serbia. As animal foods, it is rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, but contains very little fat, especially cholesterol. The aim of this review paper is to highlight some health benefits, nutritional values and potential use of goat meat. On the chemical composition of goat meat effect  race, gender, productivity and adaptability to stress, environment, management, diet and health condition. Average chemical composition of  lean goat meat contains about 75.42% water, 3.55% fat, 19.95% protein and 1.06% mineral matter. The energy value is about 580KJ per100gm. The goat meat has about the same nutritional value as well as sheep meat. Due to low content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, goat meat in the human diet is healthier alternative compare to other types of red meat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids prevalent in goat meat, and the diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids is correlated with a reduced risk of stroke and coronary disease. In addition, in goat meat are present the essential amino acids such as lysine, threonine and tryptophan. Regardless to the nutritional value, goat meat is still less appreciated due to their specific small and taste, the more if the animal is older.

Ashis Pal

SACT, Department of Chemistry, Egra SSB College Mail ID: ashis8348@gmail.com

Key Words:

Fullerene, Carbon nano tube, Graphene, Benzenoid ring, Nanographenes

A polycyclic aromatic compound is a class of aromatic compounds that is composed of multiple aromatic rings. They are a complex class of condensed multimembered benzenoid ring compounds (two or more fused benzene ring in linear, angular or clusture arrangement which sometime include a five membered ring).Polycyclic aromatic compounds used in fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and other carbon nano structures. Extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with nano sized planar geometries can be considered as “nanographenes”. The electronic and self-assembling properties of some fully benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as triphenylene or hexa peri-hexabenzocoronene have been used in electronic or optoelectronic devices. Some polycyclic aromatic compounds are used as  antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer agent.

Subhajit Shit

Research Scholar, Coastal Environmental StudiesEgra S.S.B College
Mail ID: Subhajitshit.jgm@gmail.com

Key Words:

1,4-thiazine-1,1 dioxide, 1,4-dithiine, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-infllamatory, antimicrobial

In present time, human society comes in contact with different types of problems related to health and some of them are pandemic in nature. In this type of situation society put their eyes towards research communities, especially chemist but synthesis of new bioactive compounds is quite very difficult in short range of time. To overcome the challenge, researchers gives more focus on natural products already reported in journal, exhibits pharmacological activity such as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-infllamatory, antiviral, antimicrobial. If natural products are isolated from nature  and used as drugs or medicines then ecosystem becomes misbalance  so overcome this situation chemists synthesize compounds, like bioactive natural products. One of them, nitrogen and sulphur atoms containing heterocyclic compounds have unique properties towards pharmacological activity. In present case there are several bioactive natural products shown here napthoquinone based containing 1,4-thiazines-1,1 dioxide and 1,4 –dithiine moiety.

Prasenjit Bera

Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, RKDF University, Ranchi
Mail ID: prasenjitbera157@gmail.com

Key Words:

Aryl sulfanyl propionates, aryl thioethers, sulfoxides, benzothiophenes, ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate, anticancer, antibacterial,bioactive, antiviral

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction in which an electrophile substitutes hydrogen in aromatic ring. In contrast, nucleophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction in which a nucleophile substitutes a leaving group in the aromatic ring.The scope and limitations of nucleophilic substitutions of aryl halides have been studied using ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate as nucleophile and microwave heating. A diversity of aromatic compounds have been investigated according to different types of leaving groups, regio isomers and substituents. Experimental design has been used as a tool to optimize the reaction. An electron-withdrawing group in ortho or para position of the leaving group proved to be necessary for a positive outcome of the reaction. Fluorine was, without competition, the best leaving group.To overcome the challenge, researchers gives more focus on natural products already reported in journal, exhibits pharmacological activity such as anticancer, antibacterial,bioactive, antiviral, antimicrobial. Some examples of how the synthesized aryl sulfanyl propionates can be used as starting material for producing aryl thioethers, sulfoxides and unique benzothiophenes are described.

Urmita Chandra Chowdhury

SACT, Department of Zoology, Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya
Mail ID – urmitachandra92@gmail.com

Key Words:

marine sponge; bioactive compounds; microbial symbionts; antimicrobial activity; aquaculture

Today goats are spread throughout the world. They live in small or large herds and in different areas and environments. Because of its distinctive taste and desired chemical composition, goat meat is increasingly consumed in Serbia. As animal foods, it is rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, but contains very little fat, especially cholesterol. The aim of this review paper is to highlight some health benefits, nutritional values and potential use of goat meat. On the chemical composition of goat meat effect  race, gender, productivity and adaptability to stress, environment, management, diet and health condition. Average chemical composition of  lean goat meat contains about 75.42% water, 3.55% fat, 19.95% protein and 1.06% mineral matter. The energy value is about 580KJ per100gm. The goat meat has about the same nutritional value as well as sheep meat. Due to low content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, goat meat in the human diet is healthier alternative compare to other types of red meat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids prevalent in goat meat, and the diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids is correlated with a reduced risk of stroke and coronary disease. In addition, in goat meat are present the essential amino acids such as lysine, threonine and tryptophan. Regardless to the nutritional value, goat meat is still less appreciated due to their specific small and taste, the more if the animal is older.The open oceans and deep seas cover about 70% of the earth’s surface and are a natural habitat to approximately 80% of the world’s plant and animal species.  Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity. For example, various compounds isolated from Theonella  swinhoei  have show various bioactivities, such as those that are antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. Marine sponges are filter feeders; they cope with potentially hazardous particles by producing neutralizing bioactive compounds. Around 11 genera of sponges have been discovered to contribute to the discovery of bioactive compounds, including the three genera Haliclona, Petrosia and Discodemia, which are known to produce compounds with powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Marine sponges that show the ability to  act as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-malarial and antifungal agents against human pathogens and fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. The application of such compounds as antimicrobial agents in other veterinary commodities, such as poultry, cattle farming and domesticated cats, is discussed, along with a brief discussion regarding the mode of action of these compounds on the targeted sites in various pathogens.

Asim Sahoo ¹, Sandip Chattopadhyay², Subrata Kumar De³

¹Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur,721102
²Associate Professor, Department of Bio-Medical Lab.Sc. and Management, Vidyasagar University
³Professor, Department of Zoology , Vidyasagar University
Mail ID: sahoo.asim@rediffmail.com

Key Words:

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid; topical administration; albino rat; skin damage;  Antioxidative status ; necrotic and inflammatory response; gene expression; histological changes

Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) is a profitable earning crop throughout the world. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has been reported for its adverse effect on integument as well as internal structure though it has several industrial applications. This oily liquid of cashew exists between the outer and inner layers of the shell. Components of this liquid are anacardic acid, cardol, and cardanol. The international literature reports this corrosive effect throughout the history of the chain (with long side chain substitution at the meta position).This study had been performed to highlight stress that arised by free redicals and apoptotic expressional variation with in the hepatic tissue of Wistar rats in response to this Cashew Nut Shell Liquid. Rats weighing between 100-150 gm body weight were maintained under a standard atmosphere in polycarbonate cages with standard food and water and the animals were acclimatized for 15 days prior to their use in experiments. This study was performed following the guidelines of the Institutional Ethical committee. Rats were randomly distributed in three equal groups of six rats and the treatment with this oil was continued for 45 days. On day 46 earlier to sacrifice the final body weights (BW) were recorded, skin, and were collected, weighed, and preserved at -20⁰C until use. However, the general toxicity study suggests that CNSL may have important toxicogical effect in albino rats (topical administration). Skin damage caused by repetitive topical encounter by CNSL.Rats model viewing depilated sections of skin earlier application of CNSL, detachment of skin during treatment with CNSL and afterward contact of CNSL  for 45days. Toxicity also indicates granuler appearance around the inflammatory region of skin.Histoloically, CNSL treated group (CN) showing arrangement disorder in the form of discontinuous epidermal and dermal cells and flocculation. Dialation of hair follicle epithelial cells, keratin layer damage (breakup of keratin fibres). Dialation of stromal matrix. Thining of cappilaries.Glandular structure rapture and flabby. Dermis layer was severely affected. Vacuolation of skin also occur, where as Control and SF oil treated group shows normal histoloical architecture.CNSL also up-regulate p53, BAX gene expression and down regulate Bcl2 gene expression. TNFα , IL-6 (inflammatory marker) also up-regulate were also up-regulated. The antioxidant status also considerable decreases in CNSL treated group in respect to Control and SF oil treated group.CNSO suggesting that CNSO may be harmful and cannot be used as edible oil as well as skin tattoo because of its toxicity. However, CNSO may be useful in the industry for the production of paints, varnishes, wooden material, road construction and surface coating materials.It is therefore recommended that the suitable protective measures essential for occupational health safety, especially for those directly involved in cashew nut processing industries.

Subhas Giri

MSc, CSIR-JRF, GATE, PhD Scholar at IIT BBS. Guest lecturer of Egra S.S.B College

Key Words:

Secondary metabolites, sustainability, bioremediation, pharmaceuticals product

Bio-active natural products are a large and varied class of bio-chemical compounds with an even wider variety of biological activity which originate from secondary metabolite of bacterial, fungal, plant, animal, or marine sources. Collection of different methods for the extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds, covering the most important applications in food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, energy. To meet society needs for agricultural products developed with minimal chemicals used, less impact on the environment (‘green’), and more concern for the animals (‘ethical’), the concept of ‘clean, green, and ethical’ animal agriculture has been promoted. Besides with increasing livestock productivity, research is being carried out to find bioactive natural product that improve animal health, alters the nutritional value of animal products, and increase the sustainability of livestock production by reducing its adverse impacts on the environment. The discovery of novel characteristics of such compounds leads to the variety of their uses, which range from cosmetics and functionalized biomaterials to bioremediation. Nonetheless, we want to accumulate data about their sources, fixations and design, as well as get information on their retention, digestion and organic consequences for the creature to assess their future use in domesticated animals creation. Even though medicinal plants have been used for centuries and are still used to treat animals and increase their productivity in developing nations, there is typically no documentation, research, or standardization of these practices. Utilizing the bioactive properties and secondary compounds of plants is a topic of worldwide interest.

Ananya Pulai, Sujata Bera

B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage
Mail ID – ananyapulai@gmail.com

Key Words:

Sea cucumber, bioactive compounds, antioxidant nutrients, triterpene glycosides, glycosaminoglycan, functional peptides, biological activities, medicinal health functions

Sea cucumbers are a group of economically important invertebrate marine animals that have been widely used as tonic foods in Asia countries. Various bioactive compounds in sea cucumbers including peptides, triterpene glycosides, polysaccharides, phenols, and lipids have been reported. These compounds demonstrate a myriad of salubrious biological functions such as anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti- inflammation, anti- thrombus, anti-microbes, anti-diabetes, anti- obesity, and learning and memory improvement. This review is to provide a comprehensive and most recent update of these biological functions and their associated bioactive compounds. The management practice to keep sustainable sea cucumbers including natural stock fishery and aquaculture were discussed. The extraction and purification of the bioactive compounds were also summarized, providing a perspective of preparing sea cucumber derived nutraceuticals. It is expected that this review can provide academia and industry an insight of sea cucumbers and their potentials in the development of high value nutraceutical products.

Somnath Das

Researcher Scholar, Dept. of Zoology, Coastal Environmental Studies, Egra S.S.B. College

Key Words:

Antioxidants, Anthraquinones, Anti-inflammatory, Glucomannan, UV radiation, Hepatitis

Aloe vera is Aloe barbadensis miller belongs to Asphodelaceae family. It grows in Africa, Europe, America, India etc. Aloe vera contains antioxidants used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industry. Its’ chemical composition depends on harvesting time, aloe species, climate etc. Aloe contains a large number of bioactive molecules or compounds such as proteins (lectin etc), carbohydrates (pure mannans etc), lipids (sterols etc.), vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, C, A etc), enzymes (amylase, lipase etc), hormone (Auxin etc), inorganic (Ca etc), anthraquinones (Aloe-emodin, aloetic & anthrone acid). Aloe vera is traditional medicinal plant. It provides 20 amino acids for human and contains salicylic acid; the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial compound. Glycosaminoglycan protects human stomach, influence blood flow, moisture skin. Acemannan activates macrophages to destroy microbes. Glycoproteins help to identify antibodies and prevent proteolysis. Aloctin A & B help in cell division and growth of B and T- lymphocytes. Aloctin destroy cancer cell. Aloe vera help to maintain blood sugar, cholesterol, body weight, regeneration of damaged skin. Glucomannan help in healing. Aloe gel protects skin from UV radiation. Oral aloe is not recommended during pregnancy. Oral over consumptions of aloe causes abdominal cramps, red urine, hepatitis etc.

Mintu Jana^1, Dr. Dipak Bisai²

¹Research Scholar of Coastal Environmental Studies, Egra S.S.B College, Egra, Purba Medinipur
²Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Egra S.S.B College, Egra Purba Medinipur

Key Words:

Coastal tourism, tourist behavior, mental perspective, tourist marketing style, tourism psychology

Psychological factors are highly impacted during the tourism time at the coastal zone of Purba Medinipur coast. The psychology of the different age groups of people has changes the behavioral intentions then domestic tourists. This paper is a quantitative research of tourist behavior factors that affects tourist preferences and choices with their attitude, marketing and recreation strategies. The Digha- Sankarpur area is the hotspot of coastal tourism in recent eras in West Bengal since last 30 decades. The quantitative study has been of the tourist psychological factors on the basis of schedule ‘questionnaires’.  The important objectives of this paper are survey techniques which were used to collect the data and manipulated to assume the possible and trusted hypothesis. To understand the tourist mentality during coastal tourism and the lifestyle of different age groups in our study area are the main focus of this paper. At the same time, this approach highlights the distinction between the tourist event and its precursors of effects on them. The study reviewed a variety of contemporary research articles, journals, newspapers, and statistical data from worldwide tourism organizations, and websites in order to observe and understand the changing travel behavior. A comprehensive review of the existing literature has conducted, with a focus on the changing patterns of tourist’s behavior and future trend in this study area.

Biswajit Baidya

Research Scholar, Coastal Environmental Studies, Egra S.S.B College

Key Words:

Gender Disparity Index of Literacy, Deprivation Index, Rural Development Index

It is pertinent to initiate our study of rural economic status by examining the compositional factors of the Gender Disparity Index of Literacy, basic amenities Deprivation Index and Rural Development Index (RDI). We have selected four blocks from the coastal area of East Medinipur district of West Bengal. These considered blocks are Khejuri-I, Khejuri-II, Nandigram-I and Nandigram- II.The region has a prominent rural agrarian economy. The socio-economic status of the people here has been discussed in this paper. Secondary data have been collected from HLPCA (House Listing Primary Census Abstract), census of west Bengal, 2011 & PCA (Primary census Abstract), census of West Bengal, 2001 and 2011 data set are used for this work. Each block has been mapped village-wise by determining Gender Disparity Index of Literacy, Deprivation Index of basic amenities and overall Rural Development Index. 8 variables have been identified to determine the deprivation index of basic amenities. These variables are source of drinking water near premises, source of lighting by Electricity, number of households having latrine facility, number of households having bathroom facility, waste water outlet connected to close drainage, kitchen facility, LPG/PNG used for cooking and number of households availing banking services. Results have shown that considered blocks having with a standard level of status due to satisfied level of the Rural Development Index value. We did the graphical presentation of the result by the help of Arc GIS 10.6 and Microsoft office excel.

Sanjumanara Khatun¹, Sravasti Roy ²

¹Research Scholar, Coastal Environmental Studies, Egra S.S.B College
²Associate Professor, Department of Bengali (U.G & P.G.), Egra S.S.B College

Dr. Vandana Shiva’s most radical and important ideas are represented in lucid form in this essential primer for those who wish to understand the forces that threaten our planet. Her vision of “one earth, one humanity” and its scientific and cultural roots are explained in depth; the monopolistic economic machinations of the 1% are exposed; the genetic manipulations of Monsanto and its Nazi roots are uncovered; and “philanthropists” such as Bill Gates are exposed as the new Robber Barons. the economic system that governs our lives benefits exclusively the top 1% (or 0.001%) while the rest (meaning us humans and all other life on this planet) are left with the toxic results of their greed. It is in the legal contest to keep Bill Gates and his billionaire cohorts from patenting seeds that the true nature of what is at stake can be seen in sharp outline. If some rich humans are allowed to patent seeds, that is they are granted control – ownership – over a process that they did not develop, then all of life as we know it will be owned and sold by the richest among us. The absurdity of their idea that they can own a process that no human has originated is terrifying.   Vandana Shiva has practiced a set of principles based on inclusion, nonviolence, reclaiming the commons, and freely sharing the earth’s resources. These ideals, which she calls “earth democracy,” serve as an urgent call to peace and as the basis for a just and sustainable future. The book exposes the global elite, uncovering their links to the rising tide of fundamentalism, violence against women, and planetary death. This paper aims to analyse the book critically.

Debkumar Sahoo¹, Dr. Dipak Kumar Tamili^2*, Dr. Sudipta Kumar Ghorai^3*

¹Research scholar, Coastal Ecology Research Lab, Egra S.S.B College
²Principal, Egra S.S.B College
³Associate Professor, P.G Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B College
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: sahoo.debkumar1997@gmail.com

Key Words:

Bioactive compound, Nano-porosity, bio-compatibility, bio-degradability

Diatoms are single-cell eukaryotic microalgae that act as photosynthetic organisms in the oceans or natural environments where water is present. The wide distribution, abundance and diversity of chemical compounds make them ideal to be explored for applications such as anticancer therapy and their use as a carrier for targeted drug delivery. Diatoms have been found to contain a diverse range of bioactive compounds with various biological activities that could be harnessed for cancer treatment. The use of diatom bio-silica as a nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy is particularly promising due to its unique properties, including high surface area, nano-porosity, bio-compatibility, and bio-degradability. These properties allow for efficient drug delivery to cancer cells with minimal damage to healthy tissues, thus reducing the side effects associated with conventional cancer treatments. Different types of compounds such as Monoacylglycerides (MAGs), Oxylipins (OXLs), Chrysolaminaran polysaccharide, Fucoxanthin, Fatty alcohol ester (nonyl 8-acetoxy-6-methyloctanoate, NAMO), Adenosine and metabolites, Stigmasterol and Marennine, and Haslenes (hasla-6(17),9,13,23- tetraene) lipid, have been identified as the potential anticancer compounds from diatoms. Moreover, the short growth cycle and high yield of diatoms make them an attractive option for large-scale production of bioactive compounds and bio-silica-based nanocarriers. This could potentially lead to more affordable and accessible cancer therapies. While in vivo studies have shown promising results in animal models, further research is needed to fully understand the efficacy and safety of diatom-based systems as nanocarriers in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the potential of diatoms in the development of new and effective cancer therapies is a promising area of research that could have a significant impact on global health.

Bikram Sasmal^* and Debajyoti Pradhan

Department of Zoology, Egra Sarada Shashi Bhusan College, Egra, Purba Medinipur
*Corresponding author
Mail ID: bikram.sasmal2001@gmail.com

Key Words:

Allium sativum, antioxidant, allicin, nanoparticles, cancer

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been widely used as a spice and homoeopathic medicine all over the world since ancient times. Garlic contains several bioactive compounds like allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, ajoene and S-allyl-cystine, which play many effective roles. Numerous studies have demonstrated the protective effects of garlic and its bioactive ingredients, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, digestive system protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and neuroprotective properties. Garlic extracts reduced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 and enhanced the activity of AMPK in the liver. Garlic extract inhibits the growth of the fungus Penicillium funiculosum, probably destroying its cell infrastructure. Garlic paste was found to be an effective treatment for White Fecal Syndrome (WFS) in a recent study, which led farmers to utilize it in Penaeus vannamei culture fisheries. Many farmers mixed raw garlic extract with shrimp feed (5-7g/kg feed) and then used the mixture feed in WFS-affected ponds, and the farmers showed much more effective results against Vibrio parahemolyticus. Garlic extracts moderately inhibit the growth of bacteria. Garlic contains a variety of polysaccharides that modulate the immune system and control the expression of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Additionally, recent research has demonstrated that the active components in garlic are effective against a number of cancers, including colorectal, lung, gastric and balder cancers. It has been demonstrated that garlic extract increases the in vitro production of interferon-γ in splenocytes and increases the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ on implanted fibrosarcoma tumours in BALB/c mice, which suppresses tumour growth. Additionally, garlic extracts can be used to effectively prepare nanoparticles.

Bishnupada Bar¹ and Suvabrata khatua²

¹B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage. ²Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College
Mail ID: Bishnupadabar2000@gmail.com

Key Words:

Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, TLC, Tetrodotoxin, vanillin reagent test

Horseshoe crabs are marine and brackish water arthropods of the family Limulidae and the only living members of the order Xyphosura, despite their name, they are not true crabs or crustaceans: they are Chelicerates, most closely related to Arachnids, such as spider, ticks, and scorpion. Two out of the four known horseshoe crabs species are found in India, that are Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Other two are Tachypleus Tridentatus from Malasiya and Limulus polyphemus from Atlantic. Horseshoe crab are widely use in both traditional and modern pharmaceutical application. Most of the previous studies on horseshoe crab focus on their blood. Which contain hemolymph and amebocyte lysate. My presentation aimed to determine the potential antibacterial and antifouling properties of different extract from the carapace and book gill of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda . The results obtained indicated that the extract of carapace  had stronger antibacterial and antifouling effect compared to the book gill . Extracts obtained from the male displayed more activity compared to the extracts from the female with a few exceptions. Methanol and acetone carapace crude extracts showed the best overall performance. A sterol compound was isolated from the carapace acetone extracts of the male of C. rotundicauda . Crude extracts of the carapace were developed on TLC plate and visualized to check for the existence of certain compounds. Both carapace shared some similarities in terpenoids which is the most abundant compound detected from the vanillin reagent test. Saponin-like molecules, terpenoid molecules have been shown exert complex membrane destructive activities such as hemolysis and killing of Protozoa, Bacteria and Viruses which can be related to the presentation.  Tetrodotoxin also newly found in Carciscorpius rotundicauda, that can be used to treat moderate to severe cancer-related pain.The formation and composition of the natural material from the Horseshoe crab shell foam are believed to be multifunctional in mobility, use for natural defense mechanisms and thermal stability.

Anindita Panigrahi

M.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage

Key Words:

Aloe vera, bioactive compounds, laxative

Aloe vera, a succulent plant that grows in arid and subtropical climates is best known for its medicinal properties and is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains  numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. The combination and balance of the plants ingredients are what purportedly gives its healing properties. The part of the Aloevera which is used is the leaves. The Aloe is an Emollient, purgative and vulnerary. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also act as extremely powerful laxative.

Sonamoni Acharya

B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage
Mail ID – acharyasonamoni9@gmail.com

Key Words:

Snail, mucus, biotechnology, health benefits, bioactive compounds, cosmetics

Snail is a common name that is applied to most often to land snail terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs snail is applied to most often to land snail terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Snail is been prepared by purging them for (ten days) so that will dislodge their toxin that they contains 80% of water, 15% protein and 2.4% of fats. Snails can provide a considerable variety of bioactive components for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, useful for the development of new formulations with less toxicity and post effects compared to regular compounds used of the purpose. Compound from crude extract, mucus, slime consist of glycans, polypeptides, proteins etc. and can be caused for curing diseases like viral lesions, warts, and different dermal problems.
Snails are great source of the valuable lectin, possess anti-cancer properties and helps in boosting the immune system and fighting against cancerous cells.
Serum secreted by these snails is an excellent source of oligosaccharides that act as a hydrator for the skin. When applied directly on the skin, this serum works wonders for ache, enhances natural glow and protects skin cell from environmental damage.
The snail slime is extremely rich in allantonin, collagen and elastim, which is beneficial for the treatment of skin diseases and broken bones. The protein content of snails is similar to the protein found in pork and beef, but snails come with a much lower fat content. In addition to containing significant sources of protein and low amounts of fat, snails are also good sources of iron, calcium, vitamin A, and number of other minerals.

Rinki Maity

M.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage

Key Words:

Zingiber Officinale, chronic disease, gastrointestinal condition, ginger, mechanisms of action, pain

Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) has been investigated for its potentially therapeutic effect on a range of chronic conditions and symptoms in humans, However a simplified and easily understandable examination of the mechanisms behind these effects is lacking and, in turn, hinders interpretation and translation to practice, and contribute to overall clinical heterogeneity confounding the results.
Therefore, drawing on data from nonhuman trials, the objective for this narrative review was to comprehensively describe the current knowledge on the proposed mechanisms of action of ginger on conferring therapeutic health effects in humans. Mechanistic studies support the findings from human clinical trials that ginger may assist in improving symptoms and biomarkers of pain, metabolic chronic disease, and gastrointestinal condition.
Bioactive ginger compound reduce inflammation, which contribute to pain;  Promote vasodilation, which lower blood pressure; obstruct cholesterol production, which regulates blood lipid profile; translocate glucose transporter type 4 molecules to plasma membrane to assist in glycemic control; stimulate fatty acid break down to aid weight management; and inhibit serotonin muscarinic, and histaminergic receptor activation to reduce nausea and vomiting. Additional human trials are required to confirm the antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antineoplastic, and liver – and kidney protecting effects of ginger. Interpretation of the mechanisms of action will help clinicians and researchers better understand how and for whom ginger may render the therapeutic effect and highlight priority areas for future research.

Arpan Lohar Binoy Kumar Manna Archisman Roy

B.Sc. Zoology (Hons.), Department of Zoology, Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous)

Key Words:

Turmeric, Curcumin, Antioxidant, Neuroprotective

Turmeric, derived from the plant Curcuma longa, has been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. This vibrant yellow spice contains a bioactive compound called curcumin, which has gained significant attention for its potential health benefits. This article highlights the important and medical uses of turmeric in human health.
Curcumin, the primary active component in turmeric, exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits the activity of various pro-inflammatory enzymes and molecules, making it a promising candidate for managing inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic pain.
Additionally, turmeric’s antioxidant properties have garnered attention in combating oxidative stress. Curcumin scavenges free radicals, reducing cellular damage and potentially protecting against chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and certain cancers.
Turmeric has also shown potential in promoting digestive health. It stimulates the production of bile, aiding in fat digestion, and exhibits anti-ulcer properties, potentially protecting against gastric ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders. In conclusion, turmeric, with its bioactive compound curcumin, holds immense potential in human health. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, digestive, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial properties make it a valuable therapeutic agent for managing various diseases. However, further research and clinical trials are warranted to fully understand its mechanisms of action, optimal dosage, and potential drug interactions. Nonetheless, turmeric remains a promising natural remedy with broad-ranging health benefits.

Subhankar Jana¹ and Suvabrata khtua²

¹B.Sc. Sem – IV, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage
²Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College
Mail ID: subhankarjana1972@gmail.com

Key Words:

Centella asiatica , Cancer, HepG2, apoptosis

Centella asiatica, commonly known as Indian pennywort and Asiatic pennywort, is a herbaceous, perennial plant in the flowering plant family Apiaceae. It is native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia, and islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It is consumed as a culinary vegetable and is used in traditional medicine. My Presentation is focused on the effects of Centella asiatica on HepG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line). The Centella asiatica juice inhibited the proliferation of a malignant HepG2 cell line through apoptosis or programmed cell death. Flow cytometry and comet assay analysis showed that juice increased DNA damage in HepG2 cells when they were exposed for 72 hr. In addition, juice reduced the level of c-myc gene expression but increased the level of c-fos and c-erbB2 genes in HepG2 cells. Such changes increased apoptosis in the liver tumor cells. It was concluded that the Centella asiatica juice can maintain the health of liver and reduce the incidence of liver cancer. Different methods including flow cytometry, comet assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to show the effects of juice exposure on the level of DNA damage and the reduction of cancerous cells.

Sneha Acharyya¹, Annesa Payra²

¹B.Sc. Sem – II, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage
Mail ID: acharyyasneha566@gmail.com

Key Words:

Bioactive molecule, Sea hare, ink gland, marine biotechnology, drug, and cancer treatment

Sea hares, Aplysia dactylomela have a diversity of anti-predatory defenses .One is an actively released chemical defense: an ink secretion that is a mixture of two glandular products – ink from the ink gland and opaline from the opaline gland. Sea hares belong to the order Opisthobranchia, subclass Gastropoda, are mollusks which have a soft internal shell made of protein. Sea hares are hervivores, and are typically found on seaweed in shallow water. Recently, however,greater attention has been paid to biomedically interesting sea hare isolates such as dolastatins, bursatellins, aplysistatin, trabectedin. Dolastatins are a series of antitumor peptide/microlides isolated from Dolabella auricularia. Another series of bioactive peptide/macrolides, as represented by Bursatellins, have been identified as potential anti-cancer agents, and studies have shown that they can induce cell deaths in various cancer cell lines. On the other hand, Aplysistatins have been shown to be effective against a range of cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, and ovarian cancers.Besides, Aplysistatins, Trabectedin has been approved for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma and is currently being tested for its efficacy against other types of cancer, including ovarian and breast cancers. Sea hares also have effective role in drug discovery and marine biotechnology. Sea hares, have anti-inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis .In the development of new antibiotics sea hares could be useful. Overall, continued research and development in this area may lead to the discovery of new and effective treatments for a variety of diseases, as well as innovative solutions for agricultural and environmental challenges.

Debi Das, Mousumi Mondal, Mitu Shit, Shrutikana Mandal

B.Sc. Sem – IV, Dept. of Zoology, Egra S.S.B Collage

Key Words:

LAL , Endotoxin , Biomedical research

Horseshoe crabs have significant medical importance. The blood of horseshoe crabs contains a substance called Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate. LAL is widely used in the pharmaceutical and medical industries for the detection of endotoxins. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the outer membrane of certain types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative bacteria. These endotoxins can cause severe reactions in humans if present in drugs, vaccines, or medical devices.  LAL is used in the pharmaceutical industry to test for the presence of endotoxins in drugs and medical devices. This helps to ensure that these products are safe for human use. Biomedical research – Horseshoe crabs are used in biomedical research to study the human immune system, vision, and neuroscience. They have a unique immune system that can detect and fight off bacteria and other pathogens. Studying the horseshoe crab’s immune system could lead to new treatments for human diseases. Vaccine development – Horseshoe crabs are used in the development of vaccines. The LAL test is used to ensure that vaccines are free from bacterial endotoxins, which could cause adverse reactions in patients. Vision research – Horseshoe crabs have excellent vision, and scientists are studying their eyes to better understand how human eyes work. This research could lead to new treatments for vision disorders.

Santosh Kumar Bera, Prabad Pratim Pal, Sudipta Kumar Ghorai

Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College

Key Words:

omega-3 fatty acids , eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) , Offal , Shells, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Seafood discards refer to parts of seafood that are typically discarded or not consumed, such as shells, heads, tails, and offal. While these discards may not be commonly consumed directly by humans, they still possess nutritional value and can be utilized in various ways. Here are some examples of the nutritional value of seafood discards:
Shells of crustaceans like shrimp, lobster, and crab are primarily composed of chitin, a fibrous can be used to create chitosan, a dietary fibre that has various health benefits, including potential cholesterol-lowering effects. The heads and frames of fish, including the bones and other trimmings, can be used to make fish stock or broth. These parts contain collagen, minerals, and some residual flesh, which contribute to the nutritional value of the resulting broth. Collagen is beneficial for skin, hair, joint health, and connective tissues. Offal i.e., organs and internal parts of seafood, such as liver, roe (fish eggs), and intestines rich in vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats. For example, fish liver is a good source of vitamins A and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and trace minerals like iron and zinc. Fish roe is also a valuable source of omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, and essential nutrients. Fish Oils: Discarded fish trimmings and offal can be processed to extract fish oils, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
It’s worth noting that the nutritional composition and value of seafood discards can vary depending on the specific type of seafood and the processing methods used. Additionally, proper handling and storage are crucial to maintain the quality and safety of seafood discards before they are processed or utilized for consumption

Prabad Pratim Pal, Santosh Kumar Bera, Sudipta Kumar Ghorai

Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory, Egra SSB College

Key Words:

Brachiopod, lophophore, PUFA

The most productive and dynamic ecosystem of the world is mangrove ecosystem which supports innumerable number of flora and fauna in its diversified habitats and ecological niches. The study of intertidal microbenthic community revealed a great interest among ecologists as it represents a basic component of estuarine food chain. The estuary of Subarnarekha harbors diversified benthic fauna of which the Lingula sp. represents a bio energetically significant ecological and economic important macro benthic faunal group Lingula sp, the living inarticulate brachiopod beg the oldest of all living genera is comedered as living fossil which reveals an ancient lineage of pre-Cambrian period. Mainly three morphotypes are observed in Bay of Bengal Coast, signing them as cryptic species. The studied lophophorate brachiopod inarticulate species is macro benthic infauna can be recognized at its own habitat observing its beautiful bioturburatory architecture. The unique character of Lingula, inhabits in mucous lined burrows which seems to differ from other inarticulate brachiopodan species in their ability to reburrow after becoming completely exposed on the sea bottom. The morphological (shape and size of shell, pedicle, muscle, lophophore, mantle, digestive system, coelom, nephridium and gonad etc.) and micro anatomical (histological features of different parts of body) studies of this newly record species from West Bengal Orissa Coast, India have been undertaken and presented. Lingula, stored different categories of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) especially of ω3 and ω6 in their different body parts through a process of biotransformation and bioconversion from their primary food sources (planktons, detritus and degraded mangrove leaves) prevailing at this ecotone. These PUFAs are pharmaceutically very important for human beings. It is reported from Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, that Lingula are consumed by local communities in the form of traditional dishes such as spicy salad and some curries as shell fish.